Cargo Claims: The Essential Guide

David Richards

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Page 145

INDEX

abandonment of cargo 110–112
act
- of God 46
- meaning of 140
- of public enemies 47
- of war 46, 101
actionable fault 20, 38, 66, 100, 112
ad valorem bill 60, 61, 100
any other cause 52
apparent order and condition 8–13, 40–41, 77, 91
apportionment 128, 131, 132, 135, 137, 140–144
- of liability 18, 122, 123, 138
arrest of the ship 47, 102–104, 107–109
assignment 56–58, 97
authorised contract of carriage 129–130
bad stowage 20, 29, 116–117
bailment 1, 2, 6, 14–16, 26, 39, 54, 63, 103, 110, 111
- carrier’s responsibility in 27–30
- law of 37, 75, 76, 130
bespoke clause 130
beyond reasonable doubt 141
bills of lading 2, 3
- ad valorem 60, 61, 100
- arbitration clause 5
- back-dated 99
- carriage of goods between ports 5
- clean 9, 11–13, 40, 51, 79, 113, 114, 124
- condition of the cargo at the time of shipment 8–14
- date of 7–8
- demand of the shipper 6
- electronic 75
- failure to print standard terms 4
- general words of incorporation 4–5
- incorporating clause 4–5
- issuance of 6–8
- long form 4
- over-carriage 77–79
- post-dated 99
- reasonable care of cargo 14–15
- for shipment of dangerous cargo 56
- shortage 77–79
- short form 4
- specific words of incorporation 5
- time bars 66–69
- time to issue 7
- title to sue 53–54
- transfer of 54–57
breach of duty
- carrier liability for 64
- right to sue the carrier for 11
breakdown 19, 24
bunkers 23, 37, 45, 45, 57, 64, 74, 76, 95, 96, 137
burden of proof 28, 42, 51, 89–92, 129, 133
‘but for’ test 86, 87
can test 80
cargo insurers 37, 41, 42, 57, 58, 97–98, 104
cargo responsibility clauses 116–117
Cargo’s Proportion of General Average (CPGA) 38
cargo sweat 50
carrier’s responsibility towards cargo 6–30
- in bailment 27–30
- bill of lading, issuance of 6–8
- condition of the cargo at the time of shipment 8–14
- General Average securities 25–26
- reasonable care of cargo 14–16
- seaworthiness 16–25
- in tort 26–27
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 see COGSA 92
causal connection 129
causation 46, 71, 81, 86–96, 119–121, 137–139, 142
- defence 42, 77
- factual 86
- legal 86–87
- and unseaworthiness 137–138
charterparties
- cargo claims under 83–84
- cargo responsibility clauses and 116–117
- dangerous cargo and 120–121
- employment order indemnity and 117–120
- failure to identify 4
- ICA Clause 9, incorporation of 143–144
- recovery actions 116–121
- unsafe port and 120
circumstantial evidence 87
civil commotions 49
clausing 9–10
clean bills of lading 9, 11–13, 40, 51, 79, 113, 114, 124
clear and irrefutable evidence 141–142
COGSA 1992 14, 53–55
collision, crew competence and 24
common law 6, 14, 30
- bills of lading, issuance of 7, 9
- dangerous cargo claims 92, 94, 95
- defences to cargo claims 39
- not to ship dangerous cargo 35, 81
- seaworthiness at 17, 18
- title to sue 53
compromise 132–134
condition of the cargo at the time of shipment 8–14
- clean bill of lading 9
- condition statements to a receiver, relevance of 9
- Page 146
  
  condition statements to a shipper, relevance of 9
- description 10–14
- quantity 10–14
- RETLA clause 11, 12
contamination 16, 19, 21, 24, 41–42, 50, 70, 81–82, 92
contract
- of carriage 2–5
- freedom of 3, 16, 42–44
- responsibilities in seecarrier’s responsibility towards cargo
contracting out of cargo care 40
contractual time limits 66–67
costs
- of handling 127–128
- legal 127
- of pursuing an ICA recovery 128–129
- survey 127
CPGA see Cargo’s Proportion of General Average (CPGA)
crew competence 18, 21, 23–25, 44
- appointment 24
- supervision 24
- training 24
customs fines 126
damage, meaning of 126
dangerous cargo 100
- bills of lading for shipment of 56
- claims 89, 92–96
- definition of 35
- incorrect stowage of 22
- not to ship, common law obligations 81
- not to ship, without consent 35–36, 92, 120–121
- presence of undeclared 22
- recourse claim for loading 64
- removed from the ship 81
deck cargo 42–43, 46
defences to cargo claims
- Article IV of the Hague Rules 43–52
- carrier’s orbit 40
- causation 42
- common law 39
- contracting out of cargo care 40
- deck cargo 42–43
- exercise of due diligence 39
- limitation 58–63
- proof of condition on discharge 41–42
- proof of condition on loading 40–41
- quantification rules 69–74
- time bars 63–69
- title to sue 53–58
delay 7, 31–35, 66, 68–69, 70, 72–73, 111–112, 125–126, 140
- deviation by 34
- length of 68
- quarantine restrictions and 47
delivery 36–37
- delayed 72, 73, 111, 126
- misdelivery 43, 56, 64, 65, 73, 75–78, 99, 115
demurrage 50, 99
description of shipment 10–14
detention of ships 44, 47, 99, 124
deviation 33–34, 99
- geographical 31–34, 65, 71
- quasi-deviation 34
- reasonable 34
discharge
- port 33, 34, 37, 69–71, 75, 116, 118, 135, 139
- proof of condition on 41–42
dry cargo 79
due diligence 6, 93, 94
- delay and 31
- exercise of 39, 83
- General Average claim 38
- Hague Rules 84, 89, 90, 92, 95, 137
- latent defect 52
- quarantine restrictions 47
- and seaworthiness 17, 20, 22–24
Dunlop v. Lambert, the rule in 56
elimination process 87–89
emergency shut-off system 19
employment order indemnity 117–120
enumeration rule 59–60
ejusdem generis rule 61
explosion 55, 92–96, 120
extensions of time 67–69
factual causation 86
failure to mitigate 74
fire 23–25, 88, 89, 93–95
- defence 44, 45, 92
flow moisture point (FMP) 80
FMP see flow moisture point (FMP)
freedom of contract 3, 16, 42–44
freight 3, 4, 31, 33, 37, 62, 64, 111
- compensation for 70
- costs 70, 77
fumigation 21, 35, 47, 50, 57
General Average 26, 37–38, 97, 100, 101, 110–111, 122
- claims 21, 26, 38, 39, 66, 111
- expenses 26
- ‘General Average absorption’ clause 38
- securities 25–26
- transhipment in 112
general words of incorporation 4–5
grounding 20, 21
Hamburg Rules 3, 134
hedging losses, recovery of 72–74
hostilities 101
hydroscopic cargoes 51
ICA see Inter-Club Agreement (ICA)
ingress of seawater 21, 45, 51, 52, 88, 94, 137, 138
inherent vice defence 44, 46, 49–51, 79, 82, 91, 97, 119, 140, 141
insufficiency of packaging 51–52
insufficiency or inadequacy of marks 52
Inter-Club Agreement (ICA) 12, 116, 119
- act, meaning of 140
- authorised contract of carriage 129–130
- causation 137–138, 142
- Clause 9 143–144
- clear and irrefutable evidence 141–142
- compromisation 132–134
- costs of handling 127–128
- customs fines 126
- damage, meaning of 126
- legal costs 127
- loss, meaning of 126
- management of the vessel 138–140
- material amendments 131–132
- multimodal transport 131
- neglect 140
- payment for claims 134–136
- recovery, costs of pursuing 128–129
- recovery actions 122–144
- settlement 132–134
- shortage claims 126
- survey costs 127
- time bars 124–126
- trigger 142–143
- unseaworthiness see unseaworthiness
- vessel management 138–140
International Independent Surveyor 78
in-transit loss clause 84
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latent defects 17, 19–20, 52, 90
legal causation 86–87
legal costs 127
Letter of Authority (LOA) 98
letters of indemnity (LOI) 113–115
liability 12, 65–67, 83, 86, 97, 132, 134, 136
- apportionment of 18, 122, 123, 138
- for damage due to bad stowage 29
- exceptions to 6, 91
- exclusion from 43–45, 101
- limitations for 2, 30, 61, 71, 72
- right to limit 58, 62
- time charterers 37
- vertical 85
liberty clause 31–34
limitation
- package 3, 58–61
- tonnage 61–63
liquefaction 79–81
liquefied natural gas (LNG) 49
LNG see liquefied natural gas (LNG)
loading, proof of condition on 40–41
LOA see Letter of Authority (LOA)
LOI see letters of indemnity (LOI)
loss, meaning of 126
management of the vessel 138–140
market substitution rule 69, 70
marks, insufficiency or inadequacy of 52
material amendments 131–132
misdelivery 43, 56, 64–65, 73, 75–78, 99, 115
mitigation 47, 70, 73–74
moisture content 51, 50, 80, 81, 140
multimodal transport 131
nautical fault 3, 44–45, 92, 95
neglect 52, 138–142
negligent management 45
negligent navigation 20–23, 44–45, 84
negligence 15, 25, 30, 43, 44, 114, 120, 135
- act of public enemies 47
- act of war 47
- arrest and seizure 47
- attempting to save life or property at sea 49
- burden of proof in cargo claims 91, 92
- extensions of time 69
- of fire defence 45
- insufficiency or inadequacy of marks 52
- in marine insurance 46
- negligent misstatement claim 13
- in preparing the defective passage plan 20
- in pre-voyage planning operations 20
- of seaworthiness 19, 23, 23
- shipper’s acts or omissions 48
- space sharing agreements 84–85
- tort of 26, 27
- of unseaworthiness 23
over-carriage 7, 77–79, 139
over-landing 77
overloading 19, 48
package/packaging
- insufficiency of 51–52
- limitation 3, 58–59
particulars of the goods, accurate declaration of 36
payment for claims 134–136
payment of freight 4
PCC see pure car carrier (PCC)
perils of the sea 16, 45–46
P&I Club
- cover for cargo claims 99#_x2013;101
- letters of undertaking (LOU) 102–109
pilferage 139
piracy 46
presentation rule 75–77, 99
pre–voyage planning 20–23, 44
privity of contract 53
proof of condition
- on discharge 41–42
- on loading 40–41
prudent owner test 18, 19
pure car carrier (PCC) 23
quantification rules 69–74
- failure to mitigate 74
- hedging losses, recovery of 72–74
quantity of shipment 10–14, 78
quarantine 47–48
reasonable care of cargo 14–16
reasonable route 32–33
recovery actions
- charterparties 116–121
- Inter-Club Agreement 122–144
- letters of indemnity 113–115
recovery agents 67, 98, 102, 106
RETLA clause 11, 12
right
- of indemnity 12, 36, 92, 117, 119, 125
- to limit liability 62
- to sue the carrier 11, 53, 55
- to warehouse 37
riots and civil commotions 49
Rotterdam Rules 3
safe port warranty 120
salvage 26
- award 24
- indemnity claim 59, 126
- pay 37–38, 59, 97
- rights 110
- sale 70, 72, 74, 100
- value 70, 73, 100
SAMV see sound arrived market value (SAMV)
saving life or property at sea 34, 49
seaworthiness 16–22, 43
- burden of proof and 89, 90
- cargo responsibility clauses 117
- carrier’s orbit and 40
- at common law 17, 18
- contracting out of cargo care and 40
- causation and 137–138
- crew competence and 23–25
- dangerous cargo and 92–96
- defective passage plan and 20–21
- due diligence and 17, 20, 22–24, 39
- emergency shut-off system and 19
- at Hague Rules 17
- lack of competence and 18
- latent defects and 17, 19–20
- meaning of 136–137, nautical fault and 44
- navigation and 20
- negligence and 19, 23, 23
- overloading and 20
- prudent owner test and 18, 19
- quarantine restrictions and 47
- standards of 17
- time bars and 66
- warranty of 83, 117
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security, for cargo claims 102–109, 142
seizure 47
settled 132–134
shipper’s acts or omissions 44, 48
ship sharing agreements 84–85
shortage 7, 70, 77–79, 84, 99, 126, 137
- claims 77–78, 126, 133, 136, 139, 141
slackage 126
sound arrived market value (SAMV) 69–72
sound system 15, 50–51, 91
specific words of incorporation 5
stowage 43, 50, 52, 116, 138
- authorised 34
- bad 20, 29, 117, 137
- incorrect 22
- isopentane 94, 95
- safe 13
strikes 48
subrogation 42, 57–58, 97–98, 103, 104
sue and labour 101
survey costs 127
tank cleaning 81, 82
temperature of the cargo 50
time bars
- contractual time limits 66–67
- extensions of time 67–69
- Hague Rules 63–66
- Inter-Club Agreement 124–126, 134
- Limitation Act 1980 63
time charter 4, 12, 29, 66, 68
- implied indemnity 118
- Inter-Club Agreement 123, 124, 126
title to sue
- bills of lading, transfer of 54–56
- cargo claims, assignment of 56–58
- COGSA 92 53–54
TML see Transportable Moisture Limit (TML)
tonnage limitation 61–63
tort 75, 119, 130
- carrier’s responsibility in 26–27
- of negligence 26, 27
Transportable Moisture Limit (TML) 80
transport documents, issuance of 6–8
trigger 142–143
ullage 126
unsafe port 120
unseaworthiness 17, 18, 31, 38, 100, 101
- bad stowage and 20
- burden of proof and 90
- cargo responsibility clauses 117
- causation and 137–138
- crew competence and 23
- dangerous cargo and 92, 94, 95
- deck cargo and 43
- defective passage plan and 20–21
- due diligence and 22, 23, 39
- emergency shut-off system and 19
- latent defects and 19–20
- liquefaction and 81
- meaning of 136–137
- nautical fault and 44
- negligence and 20
- overloading and 20
- tonnage limitation and 61
usual route 32
verified gross mass (VGM) 13
VGM see verified gross mass (VGM)
voyage charter 4, 13, 31, 83, 118, 120
‘weight unknown’ clause 13, 78

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Cargo Claims: The Essential Guide

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INDEX

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