Off-Hire in Merchant Shipping: Law and Practice

Xiankai Zhan and Pengfei Zhang

Document

Page 213

Index

accidents 159–165;
- ASBATime (NYPE 1981) 14;
- Baltime 1939 (revised 2001) 18, 19;
- BIMChemtime 2005 35;
- BPTime 3 28;
- detention and 163–165;
- ejusdem generis rule 163;
- extraneous cause of 161–162;
- ExxonMobil Time 2000 30;
- ExxonMobil Time 2005 31;
- Gastime 34;
- Gentime 20;
- Intertanktime 80 33;
- legal definition of 159–160;
- Linertime 2015 37, 38;
- NYPE 1946 14;
- NYPE 1993 16;
- NYPE 2015 17, 18;
- requisition on 160–161;
- residues of 161–162;
- Shelltime 4 24;
- Supplytime 2005 20;
- Supplytime 2017 17;
- willful and 160
aground 147–152
alleged crew sickness 205–206
any other cause 199–200, 204;
- whatsoever cause versus 201
arrest of the vessel 15, 47–48, 68, 69, 166–167;
- Boxtime 2004 36;
- demurrage dispute and 82–83, 93–94;
- at discharge ports 49, 94;
- Gentime 20;
- by ITF 95–96;
- NYPE 1993 16, 18;
- by receivers 167–168, 170–171;
- by shipper 169–170
ASBATime (NYPE 1981) 14–16
Australian coal 70–72
Baltime 1939 (revised 2001) 18–20
berth availability 45–46
bespoke clauses: bunkering 58;
- costs provision 57–58;
- detained by USCG 56;
- hull cleaning 58
bills of lading: “and responsibility” of captain 79;
- charterers’ direction to sign 78;
- failure to produce 27;
- freight pre-paid 108;
- head of delivery without 27;
- misdeclaration of goods 142;
- original, missing 83–85;
- replacement set, issuing 64–65;
- signing of 129
BIMChemtime 2005 34–35
Boxtime 2004 36–37
BPTime 3 28–29
breakdown 172–183;
- boiler 25, 43, 51;
- condenser 156;
- conveyor-belt system 174;
- crane 46, 49–50, 54, 107;
- engine 42, 54, 125;
- generator 146;
- hull 174–177;
- of line coatings 26, 135;
- of machinery 51, 53, 104, 146, 157, 173;
- meaning of 172;
- of winch 38
bunkering 58, 89, 101, 150, 151
bunkers: additional 101;
- coal, supplying 66;
- price of 88–89;
- on redelivery, equitable set-off against 114
burden of proof 3, 7, 9, 93, 198, 209;
- charterer 114–115;
- clause 47 15;
- failed to discharge 181;
- net loss of time 46, 48;
- positive for COVID-19 206
captain, “and responsibility” of 79–81, 88
cargo merchandise, lawful 67–68
cargo shifting 86–89;
- deck cargo 87;
- negligence 88;
- re-lashing 86–87;
- re-stowing 86–87;
- steel pipes 87
causal connection 40–41
causation 40–41, 78, 90, 121–123, 139, 141, 147, 166, 176, 178;
- “but for” 122
charterers’ order 61–62
charterers’ responsibilities 63–89;
- agent/servant 81–86;
- Australian coal, as dangerous cargo 70–72;
- bunker coal, supplying 66;
- cargo shifting 86–89;
- comply with IMSBC Code 74–75;
- contra proferentem 63–64;
- dangerous cargo, shipping 68–70;
- detention, damages for 76–77;
- failing to provide icebreaker assistance 75;
- fuel issuance 65–66;
- lawful cargo merchandise 67–68;
- replacement set of bills of lading, issuing 64–65;
- safe port warranty 72–74, 76;
- stevedore's damage 77–81;
- UN authorization before supplying bunkers 66–67
coal: bunkers, supplying 66;
- on fire 141–142;
- as dangerous cargo 70–72
collision 35, 147–150;
- and damage 162
containers 35–38
contamination cargo 134
contra proferentem 5, 63–64
conveyor-belt system 174
COVID-19: in Indian ports 203–207;
- test 97, 98
crane: breakdown 46, 49–50, 54, 107;
- failure 89;
- operated slowly during discharging 181–182
crew: alleged crew sickness 205–206;
- change 52;
- illness of 45–46;
- refusal to leave the vessel 101–102
customary assistance 191–192
damage: claim 157–158;
- collision and 162;
- for detention 76–77;
- equitable set-off against 112–113;
- stevedore’s 77–81;
- without negligence of stevedores 175–176
dangerous cargo: Australian coal as 70–72;
- shipping 68–70
deck cargo 74, 201, 202;
- risks to loading 87;
- in severe weather, shifting 88
deduction 113;
- express 105;
- of hire 110, 113;
- without owners’ consent 115–117
deficiency of men 123–125, 130
deficiency of stores 125–127
delayed loading, fumigation and 51–52
demurrage 5, 127, 170, 210;
- dispute, and arrest of the vessel 82–83, 93–94;
- liability for 15, 18;
- owner's claim for 78
detention of the vessel: and accidents 163–165;
- damages for 76–77;
- ExxonMobil Time 2000 30–31;
- ExxonMobil Time 2005 32;
- Shelltime 4 27–28
discharge port 15, 18, 25, 46, 47, 52, 67, 69, 71, 83, 85;
- arrest of the vessel at 49, 94;
- master's refusal to enter 127–128;
- proceed to 41–42
dispatch, failed to proceed with 132–133
documentation: failure to complete 168
dry cargo 13, 18, 20, 32, 121, 180
drydocking 152–158;
- Linertime 2015 37, 38;
- option for 153–154;
- special agreement for 152–153;
- Supplytime 2005 22;
- Supplytime 2017 23;
- time lost by 156–157
due diligence 44, 94, 122, 135, 177–179;
- coal on fire 141;
- ExxonMobil Time 2000 31;
- ExxonMobil Time 2005 32;
- master failure in 176–177;
- misdeclaration of goods 142, 143;
- safe port warranty 72;
- Shelltime 4 26
ejusdem generis rule 149, 163, 199–200, 204
electrical fault 182–183
engine problems 42, 54, 125, 180–181
equitable set-off 26, 103–118;
- basis of 107–108;
- against bunker on redelivery 114;
- burden of proof 114–115;
- against claim for hire 110–111;
- clear wording and 109–110;
- against damages 112–113;
- express deduction 105;
- generally 106–107;
- hire payment 103;
- no deduction without owners’ consent 115–117;
- no express or implied right to 111–112;
- off-hire 103–104;
- owners’ breach, charterers failing to show 113;
- withholding hire 111
explosion 40, 139–142
express deduction 105
ExxonMobil Time 2000: cumulative off-hire 30;
- detention of the vessel 30–31;
- general provisions 29–30;
- owner's due diligence 31;
- reservation 31;
- trading while off-hire 31
ExxonMobil Time 2005: cumulative off-hire 32;
- detention of the vessel 32;
- general provisions 31–32;
- owner's due diligence 32;
- reservation 32;
- trading while off-hire 32
fire 122, 137–144;
- cargo hold on 138–139;
- cause of 143–144;
- coal on 141–142;
- conveyor-belt system 174;
- explosion 139–140;
- misdeclaration of goods 142–143
free of salt 193–194
freight 5, 6, 104–108
fresh water, lack of 125–127
fuel supply 65–66, 179
full working of the vessel, prevention of 55
fumigation 101, 208, 209;
- and delayed loading 51–52
Gastime 34
Gentime 20–21
grain standard 192–193
grounding 36, 145–151;
- aground 147–150;
- collision 147–150;
- delay after refloating 145–147;
- instructed by refinery 150–151
harbor master, and discharging 91–92
health authority, prohibition of discharge by 91
hold inspection: clause, construction of 196;
- cleaning 186–188;
- customary assistance 191–192;
- delays at second load port after delivery 190–191;
- direct relations to costs/expenses 184–188;
- failure to pass 184–196;
- fixing 186–188;
- free of salt 193–194;
- grain standard 192–193;
- as implied term 188–190;
- by independent surveyor 185–186;
- by official 185–186;
- pre-loading inspection, failing 193;
- rust and paint scale 194–195;
- by shipper 185–186;
- tank cleaning 189–190;
- 24 hours free time for 195–196
hostilities 25, 99
hull breakdown: master failure and 176–177;
- speed reduction due to 174–175
hull cleaning 58
icebreaker assistance 75, 77
immediate service of the vessel 55–56
ingress of seawater, delay due to 169
International Oil Pollution Prevention certificate (“IOPP certificate”) 29
International Transport Workers’ Federation (ITF): arrest of the vessel 95–96;
- delay by, as no blue card 96
Intertanktime 80 33
ITF see International Transport Workers’ Federation (ITF)
laytime 7, 84, 137, 202, 210
leaking tank, repair of 154–155
liners 35–38
Linertime 2015 37–38
loss of time 11–12;
- BIMChemtime 2005 34–35;
- crane breakdown and 49–50;
- due to trim and stability problems 85–86;
- Gastime 34;
- limited to period of inefficiency 44;
- net 15, 39–40, 126;
- proceed to discharge port 41–42;
- sea conditions and 43–44;
- Shelltime 4 24
maintenance: Supplytime 2005 22;
- Supplytime 2017 23
Maritime Interception Forces (MIF) 67
masters: harbor, and discharging 91–92;
- neglect of, in vessel management 135–136;
- refusal/illness, and alleged delay 48–49;
- refusal to enter the discharge port 127–128;
- refused to trim the derricks 128
MC see moisture content (MC)
MIF see Maritime Interception Forces (MIF)
misdeclaration of goods 142–143
misdelivery 65, 84
moisture content (MC) 70
neglect of duty 26, 30, 33–35, 133–135, 155
negligence 36, 130, 133, 175–176;
- Baltime 1939 (revised 2001) 19;
- crane failure 89;
- fire 136, 140, 143, 144;
- stevedores at loading ports 80, 81, 88;
- Supplytime 2017 23
net loss of time 15, 126;
- calculation of 46–52;
- period off-hire clause versus 39–40, 53, 147
normal cleaning 134–135
NYPE 1946 13–14
NYPE 1993: detention by the arrest 16–17
NYPE 2015: off-hire events 17–18
off-hire clauses: independent of the breach 8–9;
- rights to hire 7–8;
- strict construction of 8;
- see also individual entries
“officious bystander” test 189
owners’ consent 115–117
Panama Canal authority 92–93
partial loss of service 25
partial service 54
period off-hire clause 53–62;
- bespoke clauses 56–58;
- calculation of 58–62;
- full working of the vessel, prevention of 55;
- immediate service of the vessel 55–56;
- net loss of time clauses versus 39–40, 53, 147;
- partial service 54
period of inefficiency 47, 54;
- loss of time limited to 44
piracy 16, 21, 29, 98, 130, 164–165, 200
port authorities 90–93;
- delay by government inspection 93;
- harbor master, and discharging 91–92;
- Panama Canal authority 92–93;
- prohibition of discharge by health authority 91;
- vessel-embarked refugees refused by 99–100
pre-loading inspection, failing 193
PSCO 97–98
receivers: refused to discharge balance cargo 94–95
refloating 11, 44, 50–51, 90, 148, 181;
- delay after 145–147
refusal to sail 27
re-inspection of the vessel 59
re-lashing 86–87
repair 8, 69, 87, 152–158;
- damage claim 157–158;
- of leaking tank 154–155;
- restricted by surveyor under authority 156;
- temporary 155–156;
- vessel at anchor 48
requisition: authority's order as 198–199;
- meaning of 197–198
reservation: ExxonMobil Time 2000 31;
- ExxonMobil Time 2005 32
re-stowing 79, 86–87
RightShip 96–97
right: of deduction 103, 106–108;
- of equitable set-off 106, 107, 110, 115;
- of free passage 97;
- to hire 3–5, 7–8;
- of indemnity 77, 78, 122, 140, 182
rust and paint scale 194–195
safe port warranty 72–74, 76
sea conditions 43–44
seaworthiness 96, 97, 177, 179, 180, 208
Shelltime 4: breach of orders 27;
- detention of the vessel 27–28;
- equitable set-off 26;
- loss of time 24;
- neglect of duty 26;
- partial loss of service 25;
- refusal to sail 27;
- tankers 24–28
Ship Sanitation Control Exemption Certificates (SSCEC) 207–211;
- expiry of 209;
- free pratique 210–211;
- port charges 208–209;
- renewal cost for 208;
- unseaworthiness issue 208
Somali pirates 131–132
SSCEC see Ship Sanitation Control Exemption Certificates (SSCEC)
steel pipes shifting 87
stevedore's damage: captain, “and responsibility” of 79–81;
- competent stevedore, appointment of 78–79;
- damage without 175–176;
- implied indemnity 77–78
stoppage 64, 89, 139, 161
stowage 70, 79, 80, 86–89, 135, 176
strict construction 8
Supplytime 2005 21–22
Supplytime 2017 22–24
tank cleaning 189–190
tankers: BIMChemtime 2005 34–35;
- BPTime 3 28–29;
- ExxonMobil Time 2000 29–31;
- ExxonMobil Time 2005 31–32;
- Gastime 34;
- Intertanktime 80 33;
- Shelltime 4 24–28
third-party intervention 90–102;
- additional bunkers 101;
- balance cargo, receiver refused to discharge 94–95;
- cargo owners, arrest of the vessel by 93–94;
- cargo wetting, due to rain 100;
- causation 90;
- International Transport Workers’ Federation 95–96;
- port authorities 90–93;
- PSCO 97–98;
- RightShip 96–97;
- vessel-embarked refugees refused by port authorities 99–100
tide 51
time charter 5–6;
- ASBATime (NYPE 1981) 15;
- causal connection 40;
- general 13, 121;
- implied immunity 77;
- IMSBC Code 74;
- indemnity clauses 40;
- NYPE 2015 18;
- period off-hire 58, 59;
- requirements 9;
- risk of delay 7;
- Shelltime 4 26
TML see Transportable Moisture Limit (TML)
Transportable Moisture Limit (TML) 70, 74–75
trim and stability problems 85–86
unseaworthiness 122, 141, 179, 202, 208
vessel: accidents see accidents;
at anchor, repairing 48;
- arrest of see arrest of the vessel;
- to discharge cargo, owners refusing to permit 128–129;
- earlier completion of 46–47;
- exceded the permitted draft 42–43;
- full working of, preventing 55;
- hijacked by pirates 169–170;
- immediate service of 55–56;
- management, neglect of master in 135–136;
- re-inspection without undue delay 59–60;
- rejected at first load port 58–59;
- trim and stability problems 85–86;
- unable to raise anchor 179–182;
- see also individual entries
vessel-embarked refugees: refused by port authorities 99–100
voyage charter 6, 69, 104, 106, 107, 127, 172, 174, 175, 180, 196, 204, 210;
- risk of delay 7
whatsoever cause 201–202, 204;
- any other cause versus 201
working of the vessel: liability for 21, 23;
- prevention of 10, 37;
- reduction of 10

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