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Practice of International Commercial Arbitration: A Handbook for Arbitrators and Arbitration Lawyers

Practice of International Commercial Arbitration: A Handbook for Arbitrators and Arbitration Lawyers in Asia, 2nd Edition, (c) 2026

Page 265

Index
  • AAA see American Arbitration Association (AAA)
  • ability to choose one's arbitrator 9
  • ad hoc arbitration 3
  • adjudication 204–207;
    • DEVB survey 204–205;
    • Hong Kong 34;
    • Japan 48;
    • Mainland China 43;
    • Singapore 38;
    • SOPL, and 206–207;
    • Tang Report 204
  • administered arbitration 3
  • ADR see alternative dispute resolution (ADR)
  • AI see artificial intelligence (AI)
  • AIFC see Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC)
  • AJCE see Association of Japanese Consulting Engineers (AJCE)
  • alternative dispute resolution (ADR) 8, 12;
  • American Arbitration Association (AAA): Supplementary Rules 234–235
  • anti-globalism, pitfalls of 261–262
  • anti-suit injunctions 142–143
  • APEC see Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
  • appointment of arbitrators 80–99;
    • challenge of 83;
    • conflicts of interest 84–95;
    • deadlock, breaking 82;
    • impartiality and independence, duty of 95–98;
    • Model Law, under 80–84;
    • more than two parties 81, 82;
    • number of 81;
    • party autonomy, and 81;
    • qualifications 82;
    • termination, and 83;
    • tribunal's ruling on own competence 83
  • arbitral juridical order 23
  • arbitral rules 53–79;
    • CIETAC Arbitration Rules (2024) 65–68;
    • discretion of tribunal 17;
    • HKIAC Administered Arbitration Rules (2024) 54–60;
    • ICC Arbitration Rules (2021) 74–77;
    • LMAA Terms (2021) 77–78;
    • sameness of 79;
    • SIAC Arbitration Rules (2025) 60–65;
    • UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules (2021) 71–74
  • arbitration: ad hoc 3;
    • administered 3;
    • meaning 2–3
  • Arbitration (International Investment Disputes) Act (Cap. 11, 2002 rev. ed.) 36
  • arbitration agreements 3;
    • challenge to tribunal's jurisdiction 109;
    • and choice of law 107–115;
    • definition 107;
    • in writing 107, 108;
    • see also individual entries
  • arbitration-friendly financial centres 22
  • Arbitration Law of the PRC (ALC) 51
  • arb-med-arb: Hong Kong 32–34;
    • Japan 48;
    • Mainland China 42–43;
    • Singapore 37–38
  • artificial intelligence (AI) 260–261
  • Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 30
  • Association of Japanese Consulting Engineers (AJCE) 48
  • Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC) 255
  • award: additional 197;
    • applications to set aside 218–221;
    • background 188–189;
    • CIETAC Arbitration Rules (2024) 68;
    • clarification 197;
    • conclusion 189;
    • correction 197;
    • discussion 189;
    • drafting 185–192;
    • Formal award 186;
    • HKIAC Adjudication Rules (2009) 56;
    • ICC Arbitration Rules (2021) 76–77;
    • interest 190–192;
    • Interim Award 182, 183, 185;
    • interpretation 197;
    • introduction 188;
    • irrelevant matters 188;
    • issues 188–189;
    • JCAA Commercial Arbitration Rules (2021) 70;
    • judge becoming functus 184–185;
    • LMAA Terms (2021) 78;
    • meaning 183;
    • merger, doctrine of 184;
    • Partial Final Award 182, 183, 185;
    • preliminary matters 182–185;
    • professional responsibility, and 187;
    • reasons for 186;
    • recognition and enforcement of 221–223;
    • recognition or enforcement 187;
    • scrutiny of 196;
    • SIAC Arbitration Rules (2025) 64;
    • signature of 196;
    • statutory lien, and 184;
    • structure 188–189;
    • sub-issues 189;
    • substance 186;
    • terminology 182;
    • UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules (2021) 73
  • BAC see Beijing Arbitration Commission (BAC)
  • barristers: conflict of interest 85–86
  • BCC see Beijing Conciliation Centre (BCC)
  • Beijing Arbitration Commission (BAC) 40, 42, 43
  • Beijing Conciliation Centre (BCC) see China Council for the Promotion of International Trade Mediation Centre (CCPIT-Mediation Centre)
  • Beijing-Hamburg Conciliation Centre 42
  • Beijing International Arbitration Centre (BIAC) 40
  • Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) 30, 259–260
  • BIAC see Beijing International Arbitration Centre (BIAC)
  • Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) 6
  • BITs see Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs)
  • BRI see Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
  • capacity-building: among judiciaries 256–257;
    • among young arbitrators 257–259
  • case management 115–120;
    • balancing act, as 116;
    • enforceable award 116;
    • failure to comply with order 118;
    • notice of proceedings 116–117;
    • time to comply with direction 118
  • CCPIT see China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT)
  • CEAC see Chinese European Arbitration Centre (CEAC)
  • Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb): Guideline on the Use of AI in Arbitration (2005) 261;
    • Protocol for the Use Party-Appointed Expert Witnesses in International Arbitration 160
  • Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (East Asia Branch) (CIArb East Asia Branch) 30
  • Chartered Institute of Arbitrators Singapore Branch (CIArb Singapore Branch) 36
  • China: Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) 30, 259–260;
    • Dispute Adjudication Board (DAB) 43;
    • Mainland see Mainland China infrastructure
  • China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT) 40
  • China Council for the Promotion of International Trade Mediation Centre (CCPIT-Mediation Centre) 42
  • China International Commercial Court (CICC) 255
  • China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (CIETAC) 40, 43;
    • appointment of tribunal 65;
    • Arbitration Rules (2024) 65–68;
    • award 68;
    • conduct of proceedings 66–67;
    • pleadings 66
  • China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission Hong Kong Arbitration Centre (CIETAC Hong Kong) 29;
    • Arbitration Rules (2025) 30
  • China Maritime Arbitration Commission (CMAC) 40
  • Chinese European Arbitration Centre (CEAC) 42
  • choice of law: arbitration agreements and 107–115;
    • convenience 113;
    • Hague Principles 114;
    • law of the seat of arbitration 110–111;
    • lex mercatoria 114;
    • non-national body of law 114;
    • rules of law 113
  • CIArb see Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb)
  • CICC see China International Commercial Court (CICC)
  • CIETAC see China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (CIETAC)
  • class arbitrations 233–237
  • climate change, awareness of 263–264
  • CMAC see China Maritime Arbitration Commission (CMAC)
  • competence-competence principle 83
  • competition law arbitrations 246–247
  • complex arbitrations 224–237;
  • conduct of proceedings: CIETAC Arbitration Rules (2024) 66–67;
    • HKIAC Adjudication Rules (2009) 56–59;
    • ICC Arbitration Rules (2021) 75–76;
    • JCAA Commercial Arbitration Rules (2021) 70;
    • LMAA Terms (2021) 78;
    • SIAC Arbitration Rules (2025) 62–64;
    • UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules (2021) 72–73
  • confidentiality 10
  • conflicts of interest 84–95;
    • actual bias 86, 91;
    • apparent bias 85–87, 91;
    • barristers 85–86;
    • challenge of 88;
    • duty of disclosure 92;
    • Green List 88–89;
    • Orange List 87, 88, 90–91;
    • qualifications 84;
    • Red List 87, 89;
    • repeated appointments 93;
    • solicitors 85
  • consolidation 232–233
  • construction arbitrations 242–243
  • Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (aka ICSID Convention) 36
  • costs of arbitration 192–194;
    • bill of 195;
    • following the event 194;
    • “party-and-party” basis 194;
    • problems in 11–12;
    • provisional order 192, 193;
    • submissions 192, 193
  • costs of the tribunal 195–196
  • cross-examination: contradictory evidence 177;
    • demeanour of witness 176;
    • falsity, accusation of 176;
    • fraud, allegations of 179;
    • irrelevant matters 176;
    • managing 173–180;
    • protracted argument 179;
    • shortening time for 174;
    • Socratic dialogue 178;
    • testing evidence 176;
    • wasted time 174
  • direct submissions from advocates 20
  • diversity, imperative of promoting 262–263
  • documentary evidence: document, meaning 145;
    • general and specific discovery 144–146;
    • International Bar Association Rules on the Taking of Evidence 146–150;
    • practical considerations 150–153;
    • Redfern Schedule 148–149;
    • relevance 144–145;
    • requests for disclosure 151;
    • resisting disclosure 153
  • due process paranoia 11–12
  • eBRAM (Electronic Belt and Road Arbitration and Mediation) 30
  • Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) 6
  • emergency arbitrators 130–131
  • English Arbitration Act of 1950 26
  • EPAs see Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs)
  • evaluative mediation 201
  • evidence 144–163;
  • expert evidence, applications for 141
  • expert witnesses 157–163;
    • agreement as to 159;
    • appointment by tribunal 159;
    • CIArb's Protocol for the Use Party-Appointed Expert Witnesses in International Arbitration 160;
    • conferencing 160–161;
    • directions 157, 158;
    • foreign law 159;
    • guidelines 159–160;
    • hot-tubbing of 160–161;
    • sample order for directions 162–163
  • extension of time, applications for 138–139
  • facilitative mediation 201
  • factual witnesses 153–156
  • FDI see foreign direct investment (FDI)
  • FDRC see Financial Dispute Resolution Centre Limited (FDRC)
  • FDRS see Financial Dispute Resolution Scheme (FDRS)
  • FIDIC see International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC)
  • financial arbitrations 243–245
  • Financial Dispute Resolution Centre Limited (FDRC) 244
  • Financial Dispute Resolution Scheme (FDRS) 244–245
  • foreign direct investment (FDI) 17
  • foreign law: duty to apply 19;
    • expert evidence 19;
    • expert witnesses 159;
    • matter of fact, as 19;
    • seat of arbitration 18–20
  • Formal award 186
  • Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) 6
  • freezing orders 127–134;
  • FTAs see Free Trade Agreements (FTAs)
  • Geneva Convention on the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards (1927): laws of enforcing states, as source of validity 21
  • global warming 263
  • Green List 88–89
  • Hague Choice of Court Agreements Convention (2005) 10, 253
  • Hague Principles: choice of law 114
  • Hangzhou Arbitration Commission 40
  • hearing: online 180–181;
    • Procedural Order No. 1 122;
    • substantive 164–170
  • HKIAC see Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre (HKIAC)
  • HKIArb see Hong Kong Institute of Arbitrators (HKIArb)
  • Hong Kong Arbitration Ordinance (Cap. 609) 1, 26–30, 49;
    • freezing orders 128;
    • interim measures 124–126
  • Hong Kong Construction Industry Security of Payment Ordinance (Cap. 652) 34
  • Hong Kong infrastructure: adjudication 34;
    • ADR initiatives 31–33;
    • arb-med-arb 32–34;
    • Department of Justice 30, 31;
    • government support 30–31;
    • judicial support 31;
    • Law Reform Commission of Hong Kong 31;
    • legislation 26–29;
    • mediation 31–32;
    • organizations 29–30
  • Hong Kong Institute of Arbitrators (HKIArb) 30
  • Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre (HKIAC) 29;
    • Adjudication Rules (2009) 34;
    • Administered Arbitration Rules (2024) 30, 54–60;
    • appointment of arbitrators 81;
    • appointment of tribunal 54–56;
    • award 59;
    • conduct of proceedings 56–59;
    • pleadings 56
  • hot-tubbing of experts 160–161
  • IAA see International Arbitration Act (Cap.143A) (IAA)
  • ICC see International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
  • ICC Singapore see International Chamber of Commerce Singapore (ICC Singapore)
  • ICSID Convention see Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (aka ICSID Convention)
  • impartiality, duty of 95–98
  • independence, duty of 95–98
  • infrastructure 26–52;
    • Hong Kong 26–34;
    • Mainland China 38–43;
    • Singapore 34–38
  • intellectual property arbitrations 245–246
  • intellectual property rights (IPRs) 27–28
  • Interim Award 182, 183, 185
  • interim measures 123–138;
    • in aid of arbitration, applications for 216–218;
    • American Cyanamid test 133;
    • applications for 123–124;
    • balancing exercise 132–133;
    • definition 123;
    • emergency arbitrators 130–131;
    • freezing orders 127–134;
    • full and frank disclosure 130;
    • Hong Kong Arbitration Ordinance 124–126;
    • Japan Arbitration Act 127;
    • Model Law 124;
    • preliminary order 129–130;
    • security for costs 134–138
  • interlocutory stage: anti-suit injunctions 142–143;
    • applications to amend pleadings 139–140;
    • challenges to jurisdiction 140;
    • expert evidence, applications for 141;
    • extension of time, applications for 138–139;
    • further and better particulars, applications for 140–141;
    • interim measures 123–138;
    • interrogatories, applications for 140–141;
    • preliminary issues, applications for 140;
    • property or evidence, applications to preserve 141–142;
    • specific discovery, applications for 141
  • International Arbitration Act (Cap.143A) (IAA) 34–36, 38
  • International Bar Association Rules on the Taking of Evidence 146–150
  • International Centre for Dispute Resolution-Singapore (ICDR-Singapore) 36
  • International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) 40;
    • appointment of tribunal 74–75;
    • Arbitration Rules (2021) 30, 74–77;
    • award 76–77;
    • conduct of proceedings 75–76;
    • pleadings 75
  • International Chamber of Commerce Hong Kong (ICC Hong Kong) 29
  • International Chamber of Commerce Singapore (ICC Singapore) 34
  • international commercial arbitration: cost of 255–256;
    • definition 3–4;
    • popularity 8–11;
    • statistics 8–9;
    • terminology 2–8;
    • see also individual entries
  • international commercial courts, rise of 252–255
  • International Derivatives and Swaps Association (ISDA) 245
  • International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) 43
  • investment treaty arbitration see investor-state arbitration
  • investor-state arbitration 7, 247–251
  • IPRs see intellectual property rights (IPRs)
  • ISDA see International Derivatives and Swaps Association (ISDA)
  • Italy-China Business Mediation Centre (ICBMC) 42
  • JAA see Japan Arbitration Act (JAA); Japan Association of Arbitrators (JAA)
  • Japan 43–48;
    • adjudication 48;
    • ADR initiatives 47–48;
    • Arbitration Law 1;
    • arb-med-arb 48;
    • government support 46;
    • judicial support 47;
    • legislation 44–45;
    • mediation 47;
    • organizations 45–46
  • Japan Arbitration Act (JAA) 52;
    • interim measures 127
  • Japan Association of Arbitrators (JAA) 46
  • Japan Commercial Arbitration Association (JCAA) 45–46;
    • appointment of tribunal 69;
    • award 70;
    • Commercial Arbitration Rules (2021) 69–71;
    • conduct of proceedings 70;
    • pleadings 69
  • Japan Institute for International Arbitration Research and Training (JIIART) 46
  • Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) 48
  • Japan International Mediation Center (JIMC) 46
  • Japan Shipping Exchange Inc (JSE) 46
  • JCAA see Japan Commercial Arbitration Association (JCAA)
  • JICA see Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
  • JIIART see Japan Institute for International Arbitration Research and Training (JIIART)
  • JIMC see Japan International Mediation Center (JIMC)
  • joinder 229–232
  • JSE see Japan Shipping Exchange Inc (JSE)
  • judicial support 41–42, 208–223;
    • applications to set side award 218–221;
    • Astro Nusantara case 218–219;
    • interim measures in aid of arbitration, applications for 216–218;
    • jurisdictional challenges 213–216;
    • Model Law 210–212;
    • powers and paradigms 212–223;
    • recognition and enforcement of awards, applications for 221–223
  • Kobe Shipping Exchange Ltd 46
  • Kobe Shipping Union 46
  • law of the seat of arbitration: choice of law 110–111;
    • criticisms of theory 17;
    • as source of validity 16–20
  • laws of enforcing states, as source of validity: Geneva Convention 21;
    • New York Convention 20–22;
    • recognition and enforcement of awards 20–23
  • LCIA see London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA)
  • legal systems of national courts, avoidance of 11
  • level playing field, maintaining 170–173
  • lex arbitri 110
  • lex fori 115
  • lex mercatoria 23, 113, 114, 262
  • LMAA Terms (2021): appointment of tribunal 77–78;
    • award 78;
    • conduct of proceedings 78;
    • pleadings 78
  • London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA): Equality, Diversity and Inclusion (EDI) Guidelines (2025) 263
  • Mainland China infrastructure: adjudication 43;
    • ADR initiatives 42–43;
    • arb-med-arb 42–43;
    • government support 40–41;
    • legislation 38–40;
    • mediation 42;
    • organizations 40
  • Mareva injunctions 127–134
  • maritime arbitration 238–242
  • Maxwell Chambers 36, 166
  • med-arb 202–203;
    • disadvantages of 202;
    • safeguards 203
  • mediation 198–202;
    • Apology Ordinance 202;
    • definition 44, 198;
    • evaluative 201;
    • facilitative 201;
    • Hong Kong 31–32;
    • Japan 47;
    • Mainland China 42;
    • narrative 201;
    • Singapore 37;
    • styles 201;
    • success of 202;
    • transformative 201
  • MITs see Multilateral Investment Treaties (MITs)
  • Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (ML) 5–6, 12–13;
    • appointment procedures under 80–84;
    • choice of law 107–109;
    • freezing orders 127–133;
    • harmonisation of regulatory framework, and 17;
    • implications 210–212;
    • interim measures 124;
    • principles 210–212;
    • transnational law, as source of validity 23–24
  • most closely connected 4, 70;
    • meaning 5
  • multi-contract arbitrations 224–233
  • Multilateral Investment Treaties (MITs) 6
  • multiparty arbitrations 224–233
  • narrative mediation 201
  • New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (1958) 13–15, 253, 254;
    • arbitral award 6, 10, 11–12;
    • laws of enforcing states, as source of validity 20–22;
    • transnational law, as source of validity 23
  • online hearings 180–181
  • Orange List 87, 88, 90–91
  • ORFS see outcome-related fee structure (ORFS) agreements
  • outcome-related fee structure (ORFS) agreements 29
  • Partial Final Award 182, 183, 185
  • party autonomy 24, 138;
    • and appointment of arbitrators 81;
    • and choice of law 113
  • PCA see Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
  • Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) 34, 248, 249
  • place: of arbitration 3, 4;
    • definition 4;
    • most closely connected 5
  • pleadings: applications to amend 139–140;
    • CIETAC Arbitration Rules (2024) 66;
    • HKIAC Adjudication Rules (2009) 56;
    • ICC Arbitration Rules (2021) 75;
    • JCAA Commercial Arbitration Rules (2021) 69;
    • LMAA Terms (2021) 78;
    • Procedural Order No. 1 100–105, 120;
    • second round of 102;
    • SIAC Arbitration Rules (2025) 61;
    • UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules (2021) 72
  • Procedural Order No. 1 100–107;
    • challenge to jurisdiction, and 106;
    • comprehensive 104;
    • documentary evidence 120–121;
    • expert reports 121–122;
    • factual witness evidence 121;
    • hearing 122;
    • miscellaneous 122;
    • pleadings 100–105, 120;
    • time to submit a Statement of Defence 106
  • Redfern Schedule 148–149
  • Red List 87, 89
  • Report of the Construction Industry Review Committee 2001 (the Tang Report) 204
  • Report on Third Party Funding for Arbitration (Law Reform Commission of Hong Kong) 31
  • SAC see Shanghai Arbitration Commission (SAC)
  • SCIA see Shenzhen Court of International Arbitration (SCIA)
  • scrutiny of awards 196
  • seat of arbitration: common law jurisdiction 85;
  • security for costs 134–138;
    • amount 135–136;
    • claim and counterclaim, and 136–137;
    • principles 135;
    • respondent, order against 135;
    • sanction if not provided 136;
    • serious risks, and 135
  • security of payment legislation (SOPL) 206–207
  • Shanghai Arbitration Commission (SAC) 40
  • Shanghai International Arbitration Center (SHIAC) 40
  • Shenzhen Court of International Arbitration (SCIA) 40
  • signature of awards 196
  • Singapore Convention see UN Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation 2019 (aka Singapore Convention)
  • Singapore infrastructure: adjudication 38;
    • ADR initiatives 37–38;
    • arb-med-arb 37–38;
    • Civil Law (Third-Party Funding) Regulations 2017 35;
    • government support 36;
    • judicial support 36–37;
    • legislation 34–36;
    • mediation 37;
    • Mediation Bill (Bill No. 37/2016) 36;
    • Ministry of Law (MINLAW) 36;
    • organizations 36
  • Singapore Institute of Arbitrators (SIArb) 36
  • Singapore International Arbitration Act 1994 50
  • Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC) 36;
    • appointment of tribunal 60–61;
    • Arbitration Rules (2025) 60–65;
    • award 64;
    • conduct of proceedings 62–64;
    • pleadings 61
  • Singapore International Commercial Court (SICC) 38, 252–255
  • Singapore International Mediation Centre (SIMC) 36, 253
  • Singapore Mediation Centre (SMC) 36
  • SMC see Singapore Mediation Centre (SMC)
  • Socratic dialogue 178
  • solicitors: conflicts of interest 85
  • SOPL see security of payment legislation (SOPL)
  • state: laws of enforcing, as source of validity 20–23;
    • meaning 4;
    • most closely connected 5
  • substantive hearing 164–170;
    • adjournment 167;
    • “cards on the table” approach 168;
    • chess clock procedure 166;
    • closing submissions 164–165, 169;
    • cross-examination 169;
    • directions 166;
    • document alone 164, 165;
    • examination-in-chief 168;
    • interlocutory applications 167;
    • oral 164–166;
    • oral opening submissions 168;
    • time for 166;
    • written closing submissions 164–165
  • termination orders 197
  • Terms of Reference (TOR) 76, 79
  • third party funding 233–237
  • Tokyo Maritime Arbitration Commissions (TOMAC) 46
  • transformative mediation 201
  • transnational law, as source of validity 23–25;
    • Model Law 23–24;
    • New York Convention 23
  • trial 164–181;
    • cross-examination, managing 173–180;
    • level playing field, maintaining 170–173;
    • online hearings 180–181;
    • sanctions for misconduct 172;
    • substantive hearing 164–170
  • tribunal, appointment of: CIETAC Arbitration Rules (2024) 65;
    • HKIAC Adjudication Rules (2009) 54–56;
    • ICC Arbitration Rules (2021) 74–75;
    • JCAA Commercial Arbitration Rules (2021) 69;
    • LMAA Terms (2021) 77–78;
    • SIAC Arbitration Rules (2025) 60–61;
    • UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules (2021) 71–72
  • United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL): appointment of tribunal 71–72;
    • Arbitration Rules (2021) 71–74;
    • award 73;
    • conduct of proceedings 72–73;
    • Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration see Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration;
    • pleadings 72
  • United Nations General Assembly 12
  • US-China Business Mediation Centre 42
  • withdrawal of arbitrations 197
  • witnesses: coaching 171;
    • direction for attendance 155;
    • exchange of statements 154;
    • expert 157–163;
    • factual 153–156;
    • new evidence 154;
    • oath or affirmation 155;
    • statements 154–155
  • World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO): Arbitration and Mediation Centre 36
  • Wuhan Arbitration Commission 40

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