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Law and Practice of Maritime Liens, The

The Law and Practice of Maritime Liens, 1st Edition, (c) 2025

Page 249

Index
  • actio personalis 19
  • actio realis 19
  • admiralty action in rem, ship arrest: advantages 186–187; arrest warrant see warrant of arrest; attachment 187–188; generally 186; against government ships and property 204
  • admiralty claim in rem, enforce maritime lien: Australia 147–148; Canada 149; China PRC 150; definition 147; generally 147; Hong Kong SAR 149; India 150; Malaysia 149; New Zealand 148; Singapore 148–149; South Africa 149–150; United Kingdom 147; United States 147
  • agents: ad litem 181; appointment 86, 90, 91
  • aircraft 27, 41–42, 58–59, 68, 113
  • anti-suit proceedings 141–142
  • appraisement: Australia 235; Canada 236; China PRC 236; generally 234; Hong Kong SAR 236; India 236; Malaysia 235–236; meaning 234; New Zealand 235; Singapore 235; South Africa 236; United Kingdom 234–235; United States 235; usual order 239–240
  • appurtenances 42
  • arrest: appraisement for property 236; in proceeding in rem 188; res under 219–227; and service on more than ship distinguished 182; wrongful 7, 212–213
  • arrest of ship: advantages 186–187; asset preservation orders see asset preservation orders; attachment 187–188; bail for 227–231; caveat (caution) against 216–219; draconian procedure 187; generally 186; government ships and property 204; gravity 187; maritime preservation 188–189; one ship only 204–206; place 202–204; property 189–190; re-arrest 206–208; related-ship arrest 208–210; res under arrest see res under arrest; undertaking or indemnity 194–197; unjustified arrest see unjustified arrest; value for see appraisement; warrant 190–194; see also
  • asset preservation orders: Mareva injunctions 214; obtaining relief 216; power to grant 214–215; purpose of 214; seeking relief 215–216
  • associated ship arrest 208, 210
  • Australia: admiralty claim in rem 147–148; admiralty jurisdiction 17; appraisement 235; arrest of one ship only 205; arrest warrant in 220; asset preservation orders, power to grant 214–215; caveat (caution) against arrest 217–218; caveat (caution) against release 219; claims for damage done by ship 28; claims in rem, service in 153–154; commencement of proceedings in rem 143–144; execution of warrant 200–201; extension of time, effective for service 158; foreign state immunity 43; giving of bail bond 230; inland waters 47; issue of warrant 198; maritime liens 113; mode of service 179–180; necessaries lien 85; place of arrest 203–204; re-arrest 206–207; related-ship arrest 209; sale of res 240; sale pendente lite 237; service in inland waters 163–164; service on one ship only 183; service out of jurisdiction 169–170; substituted service in an action in rem 173; surrogate ship 210; undertaking or indemnity 195–196; warrant of arrest 191–192; writ in rem 147
  • award of salvage: generally 64; relevant factors 65; under Salvage Convention 70–71; salvor negligence and misconduct 65–66; usual approach 64
  • bail: generally 227–228; giving of 122–123, 229–231; nature of 228–229; objection to 231
  • beneficial owner 90
  • bottomry bonds 20–21, 114–115
  • Canada: admiralty claim in rem 149; admiralty jurisdiction 17; appraisement 236; arrest of one ship only 205; asset preservation orders, power to grant 215; caveat (caution) against arrest 218–219; caveat (caution) against release 219; claims for damage done by ship 28, 34; claims in rem, service in 155; commencement of proceedings in rem 144; excluded vessels 92; execution of warrant 201–202; extension of time, effective for service 159; giving of bail bond 230; internal waters of 48; issue of warrant 199; lis alibi pendens doctrine 134; mode of service 181; nature of lien 92; necessaries lien 85, 92; pilotage 102, 103–104; place of arrest 202–203; priority of claims, to proceeds of judicial sale 246; re-arrest 207; related-ship arrest 209; sale of res 241; sale pendente lite 237; service in inland waters 167; service on one ship only 184; service out of jurisdiction 171; ship and vessel, definition of 36; substituted service in proceedings in personam 174; undertaking or indemnity 197; warrant of arrest 193
  • Canadian waters, definition of 167
  • charterer maritime liens 116
  • China PRC: admiralty claim in rem 150; admiralty jurisdiction 16, 17; appraisement 236; arrest of one ship only 206; asset preservation orders, power to grant 215; claims for damage done by ship 28; claims in rem, service in 156; execution of warrant 202; extension of time, effective for service 160; foreign state immunity 43, 44; general average 95; giving of bail bond 231; inland waters 47, 48; lis alibi pendens doctrine 134–135; maritime liens 115; mode of service 181; necessaries lien 85; pilotage 102, 103; pilotage dues 104; place of arrest 204; re-arrest 208; related-ship arrest 209; sale of res 240, 241; service in inland waters 168; service on one ship only 185; service out of jurisdiction 172; ship and vessel, definition of 36; substituted service in 174; warrant of arrest 194
  • claims see general average claims; priority of claims, to proceeds of judicial sale
  • commercial activity: definition 44, 92, 100; of foreign state 43–44
  • commercial service 92
  • Croatia, loss or damage to cargo 117–118
  • custody of res 220–221
  • damage: actual instrument, ship as 31–32; cases of 26; definition 25; detached part of vessel’s 33; direct result or natural consequence 34; done by ship 26, 30; early law 25–26; elements 27; environmental 69; externality 32; foreign state immunity 43–44; by human 33; instances of 30–31; in jurisdictions 30; locality 45–49; maritime lien for 115–116; by oil pollution 34–35; by operation of ship 30; received by ship 26–27, 35; relevant criteria 31–34; statutory provisions 27–29; unfenced hatch 32; by wash 31; for wrongful dismissal 77
  • dry dock 89
  • due diligence 111
  • enforcement proceedings, initiating process: admiralty claim in rem 147–150; anti-anti-suit injunction 143; anti-suit proceedings 141–142; China PRC 146; commencement 143–144; doctrine of forum non conveniens 142–143; effective for service 145; generally 139, 147; other concerned jurisdictions 141; preventing proceedings 141–143; procedure historically 139–140; statutory lien 145–146; subsequent admiralty Rules 140; United States 140, 146
  • execution of warrant: Australia 200–201; Canada 201–202; China PRC 202; Hong Kong SAR 201; India 202; Malaysia 201; New Zealand 201; Singapore 201; South Africa 202; United Kingdom 200; United States 200
  • extinguishing events: concerned jurisdictions 120; foreign maritime liens 127–129; foreign sovereign vessel 126–127; generally 119; giving of bail security 122–123; in home jurisdiction 127–128; judicial sale 125; laches 120; in other jurisdictions 120; replaced by security 123–124; res destruction 124–125; salvor misconduct 126; statutory limitation 121–122; statutory provision 121; want of prosecution 122; wavier 124
  • foreign maritime liens 127–129
  • foreign state immunity: general law 44; importance 43; statutory provisions 43–44
  • France: general average 95; navigation taxes and port due 117; pilotage 102
  • general average: China PRC 95; claims see claims for general average; contribution 93; failing in 98; France 95; generally 93; Germany 95; Italy 96; Japan 95–96; loss, meanings of 93; Malta 95; in maritime lien 94–95; New Zealand 95; origins 93–94; provision against foreign vessels 100; South African 95; United Kingdom 95; United States 94, 95
  • general average claims: adjustment in 96; authorities on 96; common danger 96; extraordinary sacrifice or expenditure 96; generally 96; particular rules 97–98; voluntary jettison 96; York-Antwerp Rules see York-Antwerp Rules
  • Germany: claims for damage done by ship 27; general average 95; pilotage 102; secured claims 4; vessel dues and canal dues 117
  • Hawaii, pilotage law in 105
  • High Court of Admiralty 4, 15–17
  • Hong Kong SAR: appraisement 236; arrest of one ship only 205; caveat (caution) against arrest 218; caveat (caution) against release 219; claims in rem, service in 155; commencement of proceedings in rem 144; execution of warrant 201; extension of time, effective for service 159; foreign state immunity 44; giving of bail bond 230; issue of warrant 199; lis alibi pendens doctrine 134; mode of service 180; necessaries lien 84; place of arrest 203; property under arrest 220; re-arrest 207; sale of res 240; sale pendente lite 237; service in inland waters 166; service on one ship only 184; service out of jurisdiction 171; ship and vessel, definition of 37; substituted service in proceedings in rem 173; undertaking or indemnity 196–197; warrant of arrest 193; writ in rem 149
  • hovercraft 37, 58, 68
  • indemnity see undertaking or indemnity
  • India: admiralty claim in rem 150; appraisement 236; asset preservation orders, power to grant 215; attachment before judgment 188; claims in rem, service in 155–156; damage done by ship 34; execution of warrant 202; extension of time, effective for service 160; foreign state immunity 43; maritime liens 115; mode of service 181; necessaries lien 84; pilotage 102, 103; pilotage dues 104; place of arrest 203; priority of claims, to proceeds of judicial sale 245–246; re-arrest 208; related-ship arrest 209–210; sale of res 240; service in inland waters 168; service on one ship only 185; service out of jurisdiction 172; ship and vessel, definition of 36–37; substituted service in 174; warrant of arrest 194
  • inland waters 47–48; environmental damage 69; exclusion of ships 45; issues of 46
  • inland waters, service in: Australia 163–164; Canada 167; China PRC 168; Hong Kong SAR 166; India 168; Malaysia 166; New Zealand 164–165; in personam proceedings 161–162; in rem proceedings 160; Singapore 165; South Africa 167; United Kingdom 161–162; United States 162–163
  • innocent passage: in concerned jurisdictions 177–178; general rule 176; meaning of 177; relation to maritime liens 176; right of 177–178; UNCLOS III 177
  • in rem: vs. in personam proceedings 17–18; proceedings 10–11, 83–84, 211; statutory actions 11
  • internal waters 48
  • issue of warrant: Australia 198; Canada 199; generally 197; Hong Kong SAR 199; Malaysia 199; New Zealand 199; Singapore 199; South Africa 200; United Kingdom 198; United States 198
  • Italy: general average 96; necessaries lien 85; pilotage 102; privilege 75, 96, 117
  • Japan: general average 95–96; necessaries lien 85; pilotage 102; storage costs of ship and equipment 118
  • joint owner 90
  • judicial sale 6–7; appraisement see appraisement; effect of 233–234; follows judgment 232; post sale 241–243; priority of claims to 243–247; of res destroys 125; sale of res 240–241; sale pendente lite see sale pendente lite; title conferred by 233
  • laches 120
  • liability: between acts jure imperii and acts jure gestionis 127; damages 212; of pilots 105; in rem 163, 165, 166, 232; in tort 31; for wrongful arrest 98, 175
  • liability in personam 47–48; of owner 161; requirement of 14; UK and other jurisdictions 12, 13–14; US approach 12–13
  • liens: definition 3; terminology 3; see also maritime liens
  • lis alibi pendens doctrine: applicability of 134–135; central concern of 133–134; defence of substance 133
  • locality requirement, damage claims: importance of 45; inland waters 47–48; internal waters 48; non-tidal waters 48; statutory provisions 45–46; waters within the “body of a county” 48–49
  • lost or extinguished lien: extinguishing events see extinguishing events; generally 109; lis alibi pendens doctrine 133–135; non-extinguishing events 129–132
  • Malaysia: admiralty jurisdiction 17; appraisement 235–236; arrest of one ship only 205; asset preservation orders, power to grant 215; caveat (caution) against arrest 218; caveat (caution) against release 219; claims for damage done by ship 28; claims in rem, service in 154–155; commencement of proceedings in rem 144; execution of warrant 201; extension of time, effective for service 158–159; foreign state immunity 44; giving of bail bond 230; issue of warrant 199; mode of service 180; necessaries lien 84; property under arrest 220; re-arrest 207; related-ship arrest 209; sale of res 240; sale pendente lite 237; service in inland waters 166; service on one ship only 184; service out of jurisdiction 171; ship and vessel, definition of 37; substituted service in 173; undertaking or indemnity 196; warrant of arrest 192–193; writ in rem 149
  • Malta: claims for damage done by ship 27; definition of ship 39; general average 95; necessaries lien 85; pilotage 102; tonnage dues and warehouse rents 117
  • marine railway 89
  • maritime claims 4
  • maritime liens: actions in rem with 17–19; arrest of the res arrest of ship; in Asian regimes 118; bottomry bonds 20–21, 114–115; cause of damage by collision 21; caveat (caution) against release 217, 219; charterer 116, 117; in China PRC 115; in civil law and common law countries 4–5; vs. common law 9–10; concept of 5; concerned jurisdictions 113, 114; for crew repatriation 118damage done by ship damage; definition 3, 8–9; enforcement 6 see also enforcement proceedings, initiating process; essential elements of 10, 21–22; in Europe 117–118; generally 113; inchoate right 14–15; in India 115; innocent passage and 176; judicial sale 6–7 see also Judicial sale; liability in personam liability in personam
  • lost or extinguished 7 see also extinguishing events; non-extinguishing events; nature of 3–5; in New Zealand 115; other definitions of 9; privilege, concept of 9; proceedings in rem 10, 83–84; in rem vs. in personam proceedings 17–18; the res 15; respondentia bonds 114–115; service in proceeding in rem service in proceeding in rem; significance of 3–4; social insurance costs 115; special issues 211; statutory actions in rem 11; sub-freights 117; utility of 6–7; wider context 211; wrongful arrest in 7; specific entries
  • maritime property: in concerned jurisdictions 5–6; definition 5
  • maritime transport, definition of 168
  • masters 90
  • masters wages 73–74; concept of 81; disbursements 81–82; late development 80–81
  • mode of service: Australia 179–180; Canada 181; China PRC 181; Hong Kong SAR 180; India 181; Malaysia 180; nailed writ 178–179; New Zealand 180; rules for 178; Singapore 180; South Africa 181; United Kingdom 179; United States 179
  • mortgage liens: claims 108; concerned jurisdictions 107–108; jurisdiction generally 107; on land 107; preferred maritime lien see preferred maritime lien; United States 108; uses of 111–112
  • navigable waters 46
  • necessaries lien: authority to obtain 89–91 see also vessel owners; Canadian 92; definition 85–87; excluded vessels 91–92; generally 83, 86–87; insurance 86; jurisdictions 84–85; other jurisdictions 85; in rem proceedings 83–84; repairs see repair of ship; supplies 88; towage 88–89; United States legislation 85–86; use of dry dock or marine railway 89
  • New Zealand: admiralty claim in rem 148; admiralty jurisdiction 17; appraisement 235; arrest of one ship only 205; asset preservation orders, power to grant 215; caveat (caution) against arrest 218; caveat (caution) against release 219; claims for damage done by ship 27, 33; claims in rem, service in 154; commencement of proceedings in rem 144; execution of warrant 201; extension of time, effective for service 158; foreign state immunity 44; general average 95; giving of bail bond 230; issue of warrant 199; maritime lien for necessaries 84, 85; maritime liens 115; mode of service 180; pilotage 102; place of arrest 204; priority of claims, to proceeds of judicial sale 246; property under arrest 220; re-arrest 207; related-ship arrest 209; sale of res 240; sale pendente lite 237; service in inland waters 164–165; service on one ship only 183–184; service out of jurisdiction 170; ship and vessel, definition of 37; substituted service in an action in rem 173; undertaking or indemnity 196; warrant of arrest 192; writ in rem 148
  • Nigeria: maritime claims 4; pilotage 102
  • non-extinguishing events: generally 129–130; late proceedings 131–132; references to arbitration 130–131; sale of res 130
  • non-tidal waters 48
  • Norway: pilotage 102; waterway dues 117
  • officers: appointment 86, 90, 91; issue arrest warrant 193; procuring necessaries lien 91; of registry 192, 199
  • oil pollution 34–35
  • one ship only, service on see service on one ship only
  • out of jurisdiction (ex juris) service see service out of jurisdiction
  • pilotage: Canada 102, 103–104; China PRC 102, 103; denial of fees recovery 105–106; dues and fees 104–105; generally 101; India 102, 103; New Zealand 102; other jurisdiction 102; privilege status 102; vs. salvage case 101; South Africa 102; United States 104; uses of 106
  • pilot, definition 101
  • place of arrest: Australia 203–204; China PRC 204; generally 202–203; New Zealand 204; United States 203
  • preferred maritime lien 108; definition 108; documentary requirements 111; electronic filing 111; formalities 111; generally 109; on preferred mortgage 109–110
  • preferred mortgage 111, 245; definition 108, 109; notion of 109; provisions 109–110; security on foreign vessel 110
  • preservation see property preservation
  • priority of claims, to proceeds of judicial sale: Canada 246; concerned jurisdictions 245; determination of 244; India 245–246; judicial ranking 246–247; motion or application for 243–244; New Zealand 246; ranking 243; South Africa 245; United States 245
  • privileged rights 4
  • proceedings in rem 10, 83–84, 143, 173, 211; commencement of 144; inchoate right 14–15; maritime lien and 10–11, 83–84, 176; service in see service in proceeding in rem
  • property arrest: focus 190; inclusion of 189–190; period of 189
  • property preservation 188–189
  • property salved 57, 68–69; aircraft 58–59; cargo equipment 58; crane barges and floating cranes 59; excluded 59; generally 57; life salvage 59–61; ships 57–58
  • public vessel, meaning of 92
  • ranking of claims see priority of claims, to proceeds of judicial sale
  • re-arrest: Australia 206–207; New Zealand 207; other concerned jurisdictions 207–208; United Kingdom 206; United States 206
  • related-ship arrest: generally 208; historical perspectives 208; in other concerned jurisdictions 209–210; United Kingdom 208–209; United States 209
  • renewal process see time extension
  • repair of ship: alteration or construction 87; conversion into another vessel 87–88; definition 87; supplies 88
  • respondentia bonds 114–115
  • res under arrest: application for directions 225; custodian responsibility 222; custody of 220–221; directions sought in application 225–226; duration of arrest 219–220; inspection of 227; interference 221–222; moving from berth 224–225; preservation 222–224
  • sale of res 130, 240–241; see also judicial sale
  • sale pendente lite: applicable principles to 238–239; necessary for early sale 237; usual order 239–240
  • salvage: authority 50–51; claim in 66; concerned jurisdiction 66–67; danger to object of 54–55; distinctions of 52–53; early law 50–51; environmental damage 69; generally 50, 53; historical background 66; immunities 64, 69–70; life 53, 59–61; locality issue 61–63; local laws conflict 69; modifying rules 66; operation 67–68; property under see property salved; reward see award of salvage; salvor; see salvor; service 52–54; statutory provisions 51–52; successful service 56–57; towage case vs. pilotage case 53; useful result 67; vessels 68–69; voluntarily rendered assistance 55–56
  • salved property see property salved
  • salvor: duties 71; misconduct 65–66, 71, 126; negligence 65–66
  • seafarers wages 72; concept of 75–76; employment relationship 77–78; extensive and broad construction 76–77; extent of lien 80; historical background 75; maintenance and cure 78; meaning 76; sacrosanct 75–76; ship or vessel 79–80; statutory provision 78–79
  • sea installations 37–38
  • service in proceeding in rem: cases 151–152; claims arising in inland waters see inland waters, service in; generally 151, 175; initiating process in 145; innocent passage see innocent passage; legislative provisions 152–156; mode of see mode of service; need for proper 175; place for 152; renewal or extension of time 156–160; service out of jurisdiction (ex juris) 168–172; substituted or alternative service 172–174; writ 175
  • service on one ship only: and arrest distinguished 182; Australia 183; Canada 184; China PRC 185; generally 182; Hong Kong SAR 184; India 185; Malaysia 184; New Zealand 183–184; Singapore 184; South Africa 184–185; United Kingdom 182; United States 182–183
  • service out of jurisdiction (ex juris): advantages 168; Australia 169–170; Canada 171; China PRC 172; Hong Kong SAR 171; India 172; Malaysia 171; New Zealand 170; Singapore 170; South Africa 171; United Kingdom 169; United States 169
  • ships and vessels: aircraft 41–42; appurtenances 42; authorities 40–42; barge lighter 38; connection between damage and 29–30 see also damage; definition 35–36, 91–92; foreign state immunity 43–44; general law definitions 39–40; hovercraft 37; military or defence vessels 39; navigational function 40; other floating vessel 38; res structure 42; seafarers wages 79–80; sea installations 37–38; seaplane 39; statutory definitions 36–37; wrecks 38
  • Singapore: admiralty claim in rem 148–149; appraisement 235; arrest of one ship only 205; asset preservation orders, power to grant 215; caveat (caution) against arrest 218; caveat (caution) against release 219; claims for damage done by ship 27–28; claims in rem, service in 154; commencement of proceedings in rem 144; execution of warrant 201; extension of time, effective for service 158; giving of bail bond 230; issue of warrant 199; mode of service 180; necessaries lien 84; place of arrest 203; property under arrest 220; re-arrest 207; related-ship arrest 209; sale of res 240; service in inland waters 165; service on one ship only 184; service out of jurisdiction 170; substituted service in an action in rem 173; undertaking or indemnity 196; warrant of arrest 192
  • sister-ship arrest 208
  • South Africa: admiralty claim in rem 149–150; admiralty jurisdiction 17; appraisement 236; arrest of one ship only 205–206; asset preservation orders, power to grant 215; associated ship 210; attachment in 187–188; caveat (caution) against arrest 219; caveat (caution) against release 219; claims for damage done by ship 28, 34; claims in rem, service in 155; commencement of proceedings in rem 144; execution of warrant 202; extension of time, effective for service 159–160; general average 95; issue of warrant 200; mode of service 181; necessaries lien 84; pilotage 102; place of arrest 203; priority of claims, to proceeds of judicial sale 245; re-arrest 207; related-ship arrest 209; sale of res 241; sale pendente lite 237; service in inland waters 167; service on one ship only 184–185; service out of jurisdiction 171; ship and vessel, definition of 36; substituted service in proceedings in personam 174; undertaking or indemnity 197; warrant of arrest 193–194
  • substituted service: advantage 172; Australia 173; Canada 174; China PRC 174; difficult to effect 172; Hong Kong SAR 173; India 174; Malaysia 173; New Zealand 173; Singapore 173; South Africa 174; in United Kingdom 172; United States 173
  • supplies: armchairs 88; consumables 88; definition 88; medical 88; of necessaries (bunkers) 86
  • surrogate ship arrest 208, 210
  • Sweden: pilotage 102; waterway dues 117
  • territorial waters, meaning of 168
  • time extension and renewal process, for service: Australia 158; Canada 159; China PRC 160; generally 156; Hong Kong SAR 159; India 160; Malaysia 158–159; New Zealand 158; Singapore 158; South Africa 159–160; United Kingdom 156–157; United States 157–158
  • towage: agreement 88–89; definition 88
  • Turkey: loss of life or personal injury 118
  • undertaking or indemnity: Australia 195–196; Canada 197; definition 191; Form ADM4, application for arrest 191, 195; Hong Kong SAR 196–197; Malaysia 196; New Zealand 196; purpose of 194; Singapore 196; South Africa 197; United Kingdom 195
  • United Kingdom: admiralty claim in rem 147; admiralty jurisdiction in 15–16; appraisement 234–235; arrest of one ship only 204–205; asset preservation orders, power to grant 214; caveat (caution) against arrest 217; caveat (caution) against release 219; claims for damage done by ship 28; claims in rem, service in 152; commencement of proceedings in rem 144; execution of warrant 200; extension of time, effective for service 156–157; foreign state immunity 43, 44; general average 95; giving of bail bond 229–230; inland waters 47–48; issue of warrant 198; liability in personam 12, 13–14; lis alibi pendens doctrine 135; mode of service 179; necessaries lien 84; pilotage claims 102; place of arrest 202, 203; re-arrest 206; related-ship arrest 208–209, 209–210; sale of res 240; sale pendente lite 237; service in inland waters 161–162; service on one ship only 182; service out of jurisdiction 169; ship and vessel, definition of 36; undertaking or indemnity 195; warrant of arrest 191
  • United States: adequate security on mortgage 108; admiralty claim in rem 147; admiralty jurisdiction 17; appraisement 235; arrest of one ship only 205; asset preservation orders, power to grant 214; charterer maritime liens 116; claims for damage done by ship 28–29; claims in rem, service in 152–153; execution of warrant 200; extension of time, effective for service 157–158; foreign state immunity 43–44; general average 94, 95; issue of warrant 198; liability in personam 12–13; lis alibi pendens doctrine 134; maritime liens 114; mode of service 179; mortgage liens 108; necessaries lien 85–87; 1920 Act, mortgage under 108; pilotage 104; place of arrest 203; priority of claims, to proceeds of judicial sale 245; re-arrest 206; related-ship arrest 209; sale of res 241; service in inland waters 162–163; service on one ship only 182–183; service out of jurisdiction 169; ship and vessel, definition of 37; substituted service in an action in rem 173; warrant of arrest 191
  • unjustified arrest: need for excessive security 213–214; objection to jurisdiction 212; significant step 211–212; wrongful arrest 212–213
  • vessel owners: authorised by 89, 90; beneficial 90; joint 90; masters 90; officers or agents 91; orders 85, 89, 90; person intrusted with vessel management 90–91
  • Vietnam: pilotage 102; repatriation costs 118
  • wages: concept 72; concerned jurisdictions 74–75; extended concept 78; extent of 80; foreign vessels 82; historic background 72–73; master for 73–74, 80–82; in other jurisdictions 75; overlap between disbursements and necessaries lien 81–82; recovery of 81; seafarers see seafarers wages
  • warrant of arrest: application for issue of issue of warrant; Australia 191–192; Canada 193; China PRC 194; execution of see execution of warrant; generally 190–191; Hong Kong SAR 193; India 194; Malaysia 192–193; New Zealand 192; Singapore 192; South Africa 193–194; undertaking or indemnity 194–197; United Kingdom 191; United States 191
  • waters, definition of 168
  • wrecks 38
  • writ, service of: in action in rem 153, 154, 155; extension of time 156–160; inland waters 164; out of jurisdiction 168, 169–171
  • wrongful arrest 21–213; bad faith 7; damages for 175; liability 98; test for 213; see also unjustified arrest
  • York-Antwerp Rules 96–97; actionable fault 99–100; common maritime adventure 97; common safety 98; cost of ship's materials and store 98; direct consequences 97; doctrine of fault 98–99; extraordinary sacrifice or expenditure 97; indirect consequences 97–98; loss of freight 97; time bar 98

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