International Aviation Law: A Practical Guide
Page 425
Index
Page 425
- 9/11 terrorist attacks
- Abeyratne, Ruwantissa 364–5
- absolute liability 144, 173–4
- acceptance of offers 102, 105, 108–9
- accident investigation
- Annex 13 of the ICAO 19
- attention given to accidents 19, 296
- Chicago Convention 1944 52, 58–60
- international cooperation 281, 313
- international obligations 296, 322
- objectives of 317
- party system 344
- prosecution of those involved 168, 174, 178, 270
- reduction of accidents 332–4
- systemic approach based on Reason model 343
- accountable managers 339
- action de in rem verso 117
- actus reus 172, 147, 175
- adequate cause 138–9
- adhesion contracts 94
- adversarial systems 178–9
- advertisements 102–3, 104
- Aerial Navigation Act 1911 12
- aeronautical charts 63
- agency problem 195
- agency relationships 154
- age of responsibility 173
- agreement
- air consignment notes 212
- Aircraft Flight Manuals (AFM) 245–7
- aircrew responsibilities 239–40
- airlines air operator’s certificates 22
- Aircraft Flight Manuals (AFM) 227
- captain and aircrew 239
- cargo and freight 199
- changes in the industry 198–9
- charter 195
- development of operations 226–30, 226
- early development of 230–1
- flight operations 206–7, 207
- hierarchy of law for 172, 227
- low-cost operations 26, 233
- management of 194
- Master Minimum Equipment Lists (MMEL) 245–7, 264
- operational control 249–52, 249
- personnel, responsibilities of 229–30
- regional 233
- regulatory oversight 57, 227–8
- scheduled carriers 231
- and security 271
- Air France Concorde crash 2000 176
- Air France strike of 2014 165
- air law defined 34
- air operator’s certificates 254
- airports
- access control 324
- air traffic, growth in 302
- certification of 374
- charges 278–9, 281
- classification of 292–7
- as commercial enterprises 228
- economic regulation of 277, 281
- European regulation 74, 257, 296–7
- initiatives to minimize emissions 252, 306
- international standards 292–3
- land use planning 66, 272
- litigation involving ownership 301
- management of 259, 276, 253, 292
- noise abatement 66, 86
- non-aeronautical revenue 300
- outcome-based regulations 295–7
- ownership of airports 300–5, 256, 257
- privatization 291–2, 300, 301–2, 302
- rule-making process 258, 258–9
- safety requirements for operators 282
- screening of passengers and baggage 273
- security 277–8
- uniform approach 259
- US FAA requirements 261
- Airports Council International (ACI) 291
- airspace and environmental protection 365
- air traffic, growth in 302
- air traffic management
- Annex 11 of the ICAO 276
- Australia 321–2
- automation, introduction of 328
- deregulation in the US 313–14
- emerging issues 390–2
- environmental protection 359–61
- EUROCONTROL 180, 313, 321, 322
- evolution of 310
- flights, classification of 316–17
- Global Air Traffic Management Operational Concept (GATMOC) 326–7
- international regulatory systems 291–3, 293
- international standards 274
- international structure 274–7
- interrelations between components 310
- key terms of ICAO 309–10, 334
- long-term objectives 326, 336
- operational control 235
- safety management 293
- significant meteorological (SIGMET) information 296
- Single European Sky (SES) 259, 322
- terrorist attacks of 9/11 274, 277, 279
- United States 276
- US regulation 303
Page 426
- air traffic services 53, 65, 276
- Air Transportation Security Act 1974 (USA) 277
- Air Transport Oversight System (ATOS) (USA) 248
- airworthiness
- Allaz, C. 55
- alliances between airlines 78, 199–200
- American Airlines DC-10 accident 41–2
- Anti-Hijacking Act 1974 (USA) 276
- antitrust law 78, 199, 204
- As Low as Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) principle 335
- ASEAN market, liberalization of 79–81
- Asia-Pacific RPAS Consortium (ARC) ix, 390
- assault 131, 167
- assimilative capacity approach 357
- auctions 104
- Australia, air traffic management in 318, 321, 325
- automation, introduction of 313, 327, 328, 388
- Aviation Security Improvement Act 1990 (USA) 273
- baggage screening 273, 276
- bail 177
- Baldwin, Simeon 11
- balloons 2, 4, 8–9; see also hot air balloons
- Banner, S. 4, 9
- Baron Bernstein of Leigh v Skyviews and General Ltd 6
- Bartsch, R.I.C. 18, 34, 55, 101, 151, 167, 175, 328, 342, 374, 382
- Bates, G. 249
- battery 131–2
- Baulderstone Hornibrook Pty Ltd v Qantas Airways Ltd 107
- Beaumont, K.M. 8
- Berkebile v Brantley Helicopter Corporation 149
- Bernstein of Leigh (Baron) v Skyviews & General Ltd 140
- bilateral air services agreements 16, 73–4, 78, 81, 226
- bilateral contracts 95
- blimps 10
- boards of directors 194–6
- body scanners 2285–6
- Bolton v Stone 136–7
- boycotts 203–4
- branches of law 30, 44, 49
- breach of contract 271–2
- breach of duty test 196
- Brexit
- BrisConnections 193
- British Airways volcanic ash incident 40
- Bruce v Martin-Marietta Corp and Ozark Airlines 149–50
- Bundesgerichtshof 1971, NJW 1971, 609, Seventh Civil Senate 117
- Bundesgerichtshof (First Civil State), 25May 1954 117
- Burke v Pan World Airways, Inc. 136
- business structures 185–7
- cabin crew 207, 227
- capacity of parties, legal 118
- Cape Town Convention 2001 27, 30
- capital lease 205–7
- captains, responsibilities and power of 235, 329, 241
- carbon accreditation scheme 353
- carbon emissions 324, 328–9, 348, 349–50
- cargo
- Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co 102
- carriage by air
- carrier’s liability 28–9, 213–15, 218
- cartels 202
- case law in common law systems 43–4
- categorizations of law 49
- causation and liability under tort law 139
- cause/causa 91, 96, 108
- cause illicite 97
- certification
- air operator’s certificates 235
- aircraft design and manufacturing 247
- of airports 259, 292
- codes 247, 257
- European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) 76, 77, 259
- Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs) 77, 238, 257–9
- importation of previously certified aircraft 265
- individual certificates of airworthiness 254–6
- noise 267, 303, 317
- operational certification 255
- products and parts 75, 260, 266
- Type Certificates 259
- Challenger disaster 41–2
- Charles, Jacques Alexandre 4
- charter airlines 233
- Chastan v Isler 110
- Chicago Convention 1944
- accident investigation 168–9
- agenda and objectives 15, 56–61
- airlines development 226–7
- airport security 271
- air traffic management 259
- Annexes, summary of 62–7
- bilateral sir services agreements 25
- defining security 235–6, 272–3
- extent of application 4, 160, 299, 300, 389
- Five Freedoms Agreement 24–5, 59
- freedoms of the air 24–5, 58–9
- importance of 5, 13, 19
- open skies agreements 25–6
- operational control 235
- opposing positions 23
- principal parties to 22
- ratification of 13, 16, 29
- security standards 269
- sovereignty 11
- Two Freedoms Agreement 24, 58
- work and rest periods 158
- Cie. Air France v Sté ERVE et al. 141
- Civil Aviation Act 1982 140
- Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) (Australia) 71, 260, 389
- civil law systems 37, 38–48
- climate change 66; see also environmental protection
- codification defined 47, 49, 155
- Comité International Technique d’Sxperts Juridiques Aériens (CITEJA) 26
- comity 204–5
- commanders
- commercial and economic regulation of aviation
- commercial law
- aviation as commercial enterprise 185
- business structures 185–6
- carriage by air
- competition law 185
- corporations
- as acting through their people 187
- agency problem 195–6
- boards of directors 188–9, 194–6
- constitutional documents 195
- different countries, law in 195
- directors of 187–9
- limited liability 188–9, 193
- partly paid shares 193
- popularity of 188
- private/public 188–9, 291
- as separate legal entities 188
- shares and shareholders 193–6
- veil of incorporation 190
- extraterritorial effect 204
- insurance 185, 198, 207–9
- leasing of aircraft 30, 205–9
- partnerships 186–8
- role of 291, 300, 339
- sole proprietors 186–7
- strategic alliances 199–200
- Commission Internationale de Navigation Aerienne 21
- Committee on Aircraft Noise (CAN) 86
- Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection (CAEP) 66, 365
- common but differentiated responsibility 356, 358–62
- common law systems
- companies see corporations
- compensation under tort law 30, 129
- competition law 34, 60, 173–5, 185–209
- concession companies 300, 303
- Configuration Deviation List (CDL) 246
- conflict of interest 43, 196
- consensus ad idem 91, 100
- consideration
- consistency in terminology 15
- Constant Descent Approach (CDA) 318–19
- constitutional documents 195
- construction of aircraft
- continuing airworthiness 253–6, 260, 267
- contracted services, safety accountability of 339, 340
- contract law
- adhesion contracts 94
- agreement
- air carriage 89–90
- aleatory contracts 97
- bilateral contracts 95
- breach of contract 99, 102–3, 107
- captain and aircrew liability 239, 242, 388
- carriage by air 211–19
- cause illicite 97
- cause or causa 96, 115–16
- civil/common law systems 91–5
- consent to 98
- consideration 95, 98, 113–15
- contracts defined 94
- counter-offers 100
- damages 109, 111, 120
- development of 91
- discharged contracts 98, 123
- duress 98, 120, 122
- e-commerce 91
- elements of a contract (summary) 98, 111
- executed contracts 98
- executory contracts 91–3, 98
- force majeure 123
- frustration doctrine 123
- insurance 186, 207–9
- intention to create legal relations 98–9
- legal capacity of parties 89, 98, 118
- misrepresentation 96, 120
- mistakes 121
- offers 105–12
- performance of contracts 97, 98
- remedies 90, 124, 125
- simple/formal contracts 95, 197
- unconscionable conduct 115, 122–3
- understanding of, need for 89
- undue influence 96, 98, 122
- unenforceable contracts 96, 113, 114
- unilateral contracts 95–6, 103
- universal application of 38, 334
- unjust enrichment 117
- validity of a contract 96–7, 118
- voidable contracts 118, 190
- void contracts 97, 116
- written/verbal contracts 94, 156, 243
- contracts of employment 90, 152–5, 156
- Convention for Offences and Certain other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft 1963 (Tokyo Convention) 270
- Convention for the Suppression of the Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft 1970 (Hague Convention) 270
- Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Aircraft 1971 (Montreal Convention) 270–1
- Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air 1929 (Warsaw Convention) 213
- Convention on International Civil Aviation 1944 (Chicago Convention) 21–2
- accident investigation 329
- agenda and objectives 23, 56
- airlines development 226–7
- airport security 276
- air traffic management 297, 307, 309–19
- Annexes, summary of 62, 67, 257
- bilateral air services agreements 16, 18, 24, 25, 74, 78, 81
- Five Freedoms Agreement 24, 59
- freedoms of the air 24–5, 58
- importance of 19
- open skies agreements 6, 25–6, 74, 77–80
- operational control 249–50
- opposing positions 23
- principal parties to 22
- ratification of 13, 16, 29, 57, 225
- security standards 269
- sovereignty 11–15
- Two Freedoms Agreement 25, 74
- work and rest periods 158
- Convention relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation 1919 (Paris Convention) 13, 20–1
- conventions
- corporate criminal liability 174–6
- corporate social responsibility (CSR) 354
- corporations
- accountable managers 229, 339–40
- as acting through their people 229
- agency problem 195
- boards of directors 194–6
- constitutional documents 195
- different countries, law in 195
- directors of 195–6
- legal capacity of 188–9
- limited liability 188, 193, 212–14
- partly paid shares 193
- popularity of 188–9
- private/public 189–90, 291
- as separate legal entities 188, 192
- shares and shareholders 193, 209
- veil of incorporation 190
- Council Directive 2000/79/EC 27 Nov 2000 157
- counter-offers 108–9
- criminal law
- actus reus 172, 174
- adversarial systems 46, 176–8
- age of responsibility 173
- bail 177–8
- classification of crimes 169
- crime defined 167
- criminal process 176–80, 177
- criminalization of accidents 179–82
- defences to aviation offences 170–1
- domestic law 172
- double jeopardy 171, 203
- elements of a crime 172
- fear of criminalization 169
- felonies 170, 178
- homicide 175–6, 182
- imprisonment 131–2
- indictable offences 170, 175
- inquisitorial systems 47, 177
- international law 167
- investigation of crimes 177–9
- juries 177–9
- just culture 168
- liability 143–9
- absolute 175
- corporate 174–5
- strict 144–7
- variety in approaches to 168
- mens rea 172–3
- misdemeanours 170
- negligence 120, 132–8
- penalties 179
- plea bargaining 178
- presumption of innocence 170–1
- pre-trial proceedings 177–8
- prosecution 171, 177
- sources of 171–2
- standard of proof 171
- summary offences 169–70
- trials 176–7
- Daley, B. 250
- Dam, C.V. 136
- damages
- dangerous goods, transport of 62, 64, 67
- debt financing 206–7
- Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment 360
- definitions and terminology 15, 33–5
- delictual liability 98, 111
- deregulation
- developed/developing nations 233. 252
- deviation from the law in extraordinary situations 40, 42, 126
- Diederiks-Verschoor, I.H.Ph . 9, 34, 148
- digital systems 246–7, 328, 417
- directors 70, 175
- dirigibles 10
- discharged contracts 98, 123
- Doganis, R. 200
- domestic aviation law 18–19, 27, 32–3
- Donoghue v Stevenson 135
- double eagle balloon 6
- double jeopardy 171, 203, 407
- drones see Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS)
- duress in contract law 120–2
- Dusseldorf Airport case 301
- duty of care 135–8, 143, 144
- ecologically sustainable development (ESD) 359
- e-commerce 90, 197
- economic regulation
- Ecuador v Columbia (Aerial Herbicide Spraying Case) 146
- Edwards v Skyways Ltd 99
- electric-powered aircraft 323, 328, 351–5
- emergency response plans (ERPs) 282
- emissions
- employees
- employers, obligations on 156
- employment law
- agency relationships 154–5
- centrality of work 157
- codification, high degree of 155, 158
- contemporary issues in aviation 160–2
- contracts of employment 156–8
- contractual basis of 156
- Council Directive 2000/79/EC 27 Nov 2000 157
- employees 153–4
- employers, obligations on 156–7
- French 153, 159
- hours of work 157–8
- independent contractors 154
- industrial action and disputes 162–3
- inequality of employment relationship 153
- licensing requirements 162
- main goals of 151
- principals 162
- retirement age of pilots 161–2
- termination of employment 159–61
- unfair dismissal 159–60
- vicarious liability 146, 155
- workplace relationships 152–3
- engine emissions see emissions
- environmental protection
- air traffic management 327, 353–5
- assimilative capacity approach 357
- balance in tools used for regulation 43
- cap and trade system 346
- carbon accreditation scheme 365–6
- carbon emissions 318–19, 347–50
- Constant Descent Approach (CDA) 318–19
- corporate social responsibility (CSR) 354
- Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment 349
- development of regulation 62, 66
- economic regulatory instruments 293
- electric aircraft 323, 328, 351–5
- emissions trading 352
- environment defined 347
- greenhouse gas reporting 347–54
- Group on International Aviation and Climate Change (GIACC) 365–6
- Hydrogen and hybrid propulsion 371–3
- ICAO, role of 7–8, 62, 66. 362–3
- initiatives to minimize emissions 347, 350
- international law
- intragenerational/intergenerational equity 353, 355–6
- Kyoto Protocol 347–50, 360–4
- motivation for 349
- noise certification 62, 85–7, 266–7
- noise pollution 85, 348–9, 358
- Paris Agreement 348, 363–4
- pollution taxation 353
- regulation of 66, 73
- regulatory motivation 2, 7, 266
- Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 357
- Epoux Saint-Arroman v Réunion des Musées Nationaux et Autres 121
- (in)equality of employment relationship 155
- erreur sur la cause 116
- Esler, D. 42, 168
- EUROCONTROL 180, 313, 321–2
- European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
- European Union (EU)
- airport charges 273, 282, 301–4
- airport operations 225, 227, 259
- airport security 276, 281–3, 285
- Council Directive 2000/79/EC 27 Nov 2000 157
- emissions trading 355
- environmental protection 66, 357–9, 361, 365
- liberalization of air services 25, 74, 78, 80–1
- responsibilities of 238, 260, 297–9, 340
- security regulation 269, 273–8, 281–3
- exclusive dealing 203–4
- executed contracts 98
- executory contracts 91–3
- express parcels system 234
- express terms 94, 100, 105–8
- external organizations, safety accountability of 339
- extraordinary situations, deviation from the law in 40
- extraterritorial effect 204
- fatigue risk management systems (FRMS) 158, 380
- Fauchille, Paul 9, 10, 11
- fault liability 27, 123, 143–6, 146, 168
- fausse cause 116
- Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) (USA)
- Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs) 77, 238, 257, 289, 296
- felonies 170
- fiduciary duty of directors 188, 195–6
- First World War 7, 12–14, 20–6
- Fisher, D. 349, 356, 359
- Five Freedoms Agreement 24, 59
- flight attendants 89, 155, 236, 242
- flight operations 216, 226–7, 230, 233–64
- flights, classification of 174, 316–17
- Flying in the Face of Criminalization (Michaelides-Mateou and Mateou) 167–8, 169, 179–82
- Forbes, Holland 11
- force majeure in contract law 123
- Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvement Act (FTAIA) 204
- foreseeability 138
- formal/simple contracts 95
- France, employment law in 154, 159, 168
- Frankfurt Airport case 301
- fraudulent misrepresentation 120
- freedom of movement, protection of 131–2, 179
- freedom of the air 9–11, 22–5
- freedom of the seas 55
- freedoms of the air 58
- freight airlines 185, 199, 202–3, 211–12
- French, D. 359
- frustration doctrine in contract law 123
- Fuerschbach v Southwest Airlines 131–2
- Germanic Code 47
- Gilbert, M. 175
- Global Air Traffic Management Operational Concept (GATMOC) 82, 326
- global alliances 52, 78, 199–200, 226
- Global Aviation Information Network (GAIN) 337
- Global Aviation Safety Plan (GASP) 70, 336
- global aviation safety roadmap 71, 337
- global warming see environmental protection
- Good Samaritan principle 139
- Government Business Enterprises 228
- greenhouse effect 347–8, 352–5
- greenhouse gases
- Hague Convention 1970 270–1
- Haley v London Electricity Board 137
- Hallock v Trans World Airlines Inc. 154–5
- Hartford Fire v California 204–5
- hazards defined 330, 333–4, 337
- Heinrich v European Commission 281
- hydrogen and hybrid powered aircraft 371–3
- history
- HL Bolton (Engineering) Co Ltd v TJ Graham & Sons Ltd 189
- Hoffman-La Roche Ltd v Empagran SA 205
- homicide 175–6, 182
- honour, reputation and privacy, protection of 142
- hot air balloons
- hours of work 151, 156–8
- Husserl v Swissair 147
- illicit cause 97, 116–17
- implied terms 94, 101, 106, 110, 112, 156–7
- imprisonment 131–2, 170, 179
- incapacity, legal 118–19
- incident investigation 62, 65, 68, 275–6, 331–46
- Incoterms 197–8
- independent contractors 152–4
- indictable offences 170, 175
- industrial action and disputes 163
- inequality of employment relationship 155
- information services 62, 65–6
- innocent misrepresentation 96
- inquisitorial systems 47–8, 176–9
- Institute of International Law 10
- instrument flight rules (IFRs) 316, 387
- insurance 207–9
- Intelligence Reform and Provision Act 2004 (USA) 279
- intention to create legal relations 91, 98–9
- Inter-Allied Aeronautical Commission 20–2
- intergenerational equity 356
- International Air Services Transit (Two Freedoms) agreement 25, 74
- International Air Transport Association (IATA) 16, 20, 27, 72–3
- international aviation law
- International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
- airport charges 273, 282, 285, 300–4
- air traffic management 259, 275–6, 296–7
- airworthiness policy 62, 245–8, 254–68
- Aviation Security (AVSEC) panel 275, 286
- bilateral air service agreements 16, 25, 73–4
- Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection (CAEP) 66, 365
- criminal action, pursuit of 167–9
- defining security 235, 272, 278
- development of standards 8, 52, 61
- environmental protection 62, 287, 333, 357–9
- environmental regulation 84
- flight operations 215, 226–7
- Global Aviation Information Network (GAIN) 337
- Global Aviation Safety Plan (GASP) 337
- Group on International aviation and Climate Change (GIACC) 365
- international specifications 61–2, 64, 292
- noise pollution 352, 372
- objectives 23, 28, 60–7
- operational control 356, 249–52
- privatization of airport operations 301
- regional planning 68, 71
- role of 21–3
- safety as business function 249, 330–1, 335–6
- safety management systems 319–20
- safety standards 52, 57, 272–96
- security standards 269–84
- standards and recommended practices 8, 62, 66–9, 227, 235
- state safety programme 61, 67–8, 245
- Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP) 68–71, 338
- international commercial terms (Incoterms) 197–8
- international personality 15
- intoxicated persons, legal capacity of 118–19
- intragenerational equity 356–7
- investigation of crimes 169, 177–9, 275
- invitation to treat 101–4, 108–10
- jet aircraft and increase in accidents 312
- joint stock companies 191
- judges
- jura novit curia principle 48
- juries 177–9
- jurisdiction and contract law 90–1, 152–3
- just culture 168, 179, 287
- Kotaite, Assad 28, 61
- Kyoto Protocol 247–50, 259–64
- labour law see employment law
- laissez faire 92
- land, protection of 139–40
- land use planning 66
- Larsen, N. 175
- law, defined 34, 43–4
- law of aviation
- leasing of aircraft 205–9
- Le Domaine Aérien et le Régime Juridique des Aérostats (Fauchille) 9
- Lee v Lee’s Air Farming Ltd 192
- legal capacity of parties 118
- legal systems
- and aviation practitioners 38
- aviation practitioners and the law 39
- categorizations of law 49
- civil law systems 37–41
- common law systems 40–8
- diversity of 39, 43–4
- elements of 33, 98
- law defined 34, 43–4
- private and public law 49–50
- role of 23, 46–8
- rule of law 33–4, 39
- substantive and procedural law 49–50
- summary of types of 47
- Lenk v Spezia 145
- Lennards Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd 194
- Leonard v Pepsico Inc 103
- letters of intent 107–8, 111
- liability
- absolute 144, 173–4, 214
- of captain and aircrew 239
- carrier’s 28, 213–15
- causation 139, 147
- corporate criminal 174–5
- criminal 168–82
- criminal, variety in approaches to 168
- delictual/tort 98, 111
- fault 143
- limited 29, 139, 193
- no-fault 27–9
- for others 146
- partnerships 186–7
- product, in aviation 148–9
- sole proprietors 186
- strict 27–9, 144–9
- tort law 129–41
- vicarious 146, 155–6, 155
- licensing of personnel 62–3, 68, 70, 163
- life and limb, protection of 131
- limited liability 27, 193, 212–14
- Liszt, Franz von 11
- Lockerbie bombing 273, 276–7
- low-cost carriers (LCCs) 3, 26, 233
- Luftverkehssgesetz (Air Traffic Act) (Germany) 145
- maintenance 253; see also airworthiness
- manslaughter, corporate 174–5, 176, 159
- manufacturer’s liability in aviation 148–9
- manufacturing of aircraft, certification process
- Maritime Security Act 2002 (USA) 278–9
- market power, position of 201–2, 304
- Marsh, P.D.V. 91, 96, 97, 108–10, 112, 116, 120, 121
- Martin, P. 8
- Master Minimum Equipment Lists (MMEL) 245, 247–8
- Mateou, A. 167–9, 175, 179–82
- Matte, N. 33
- Maynard v Stinson Aircraft Corp. 148
- McNeill v Palmer 241
- mens rea 172–3
- meteorological services 62–3, 68
- Michaelides-Mateou, S. 167–9, 175, 179–82
- Minimum Equipment Lists (MEL) 235, 264
- minors, legal capacity of 118–19
- misdemeanours 170
- misrepresentation 96, 120
- mistakes in contract law 121–2
- Montagnier, Case of 143–4
- Montgolfier, Jacques-Etienne 2, 3
- Montgolfier, Joseph-Michel 2, 3
- Montreal Convention 1971 270–1
- Montreal Convention 1999 19, 27, 28–9, 146, 211, 213–15
- movable property 139
- Moyer v Martin Marietta Corp. 149–50
- Napoleonic Code 47
- national carriers, phasing-out of 80
- national sovereignty see sovereignty
- natural resources, permanent sovereignty over 356, 358–9
- negligence
- adequate cause 138
- breach of duty test 133–4
- criminal 130, 147, 167
- defined 144
- determining breach of duty 135–6
- in different legal systems 52, 130, 133
- duty of care 120, 130, 132–8
- foreseeability 138–9
- Good Samaritan principle 139
- Neighbour principle 135, 240
- objective test 133–4
- precautionary measures 136–8
- probability of injury 137
- public utility of defendant’s conduct 138
- seriousness of injury 137
- negligent misrepresentation 121
- negotiation, withdrawal from 107, 111
- neighbour principle 135
- Net Zero Emissions Target 2050 2, 84–7, 129, 252, 268, 247–9, 365, 369–71
- Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) 324, 328
- Nichols v Simmonds, Royal Aero Club of Western Australia and Commonwealth 132–3
- no-fault liability 27, 123
- noise certification 66, 86, 266
- noise pollution 129, 352, 372
- normalization of deviance 41–2
- nuisance 129, 140–2
- objective test 133–4
- offers
- oil price crisis in 1970s 202
- onboard security 280
- open skies agreements 25–6, 58, 74, 77–80
- operating leases 206
- operational certification 254–5, 260, 266–7
- operational control 235, 249–50
- operation of aircraft 60–6
- operations managers, responsibilities of 229, 243, 329, 339
- ownership and control test 24
- ownership of airports 212, 300–1
- parcels system, express 234
- Paris v Stepney Borough Council 137
- Paris Convention 1919 12–13, 19–24, 26
- Paris International Air Navigation Conference 1910 12
- partly paid shares 193
- partnerships 186–8
- Passenger Facility Charge (PFC) programme 303
- passengers and baggage screening 273, 276–90
- penalties 33, 179
- performance of contracts 95–8, 103, 114–15
- permanent sovereignty over natural resources 356
- personality rights of the individual 142–3
- personnel, responsibilities of 229
- persons of unsound mind, legal capacity of 118
- Peter Smythe v Vincent Thomas 104
- Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists Ltd 101–2
- pilots
- plea bargaining 178
- pollution see also environmental protection
- taxation 207
- practitioners, aviation
- precautionary measures 136–8
- precautionary principle 356
- precedent, doctrine of 172
- predatory pricing 203
- presumption of innocence 170–1
- pre-trial proceedings 177–8
- price and validity of a contract 96–7
- Prigge and others v Deutsche Lufthansa AG 161–2
- principals 154
- principle place of business test 153
- private and public law 49–50
- private international aviation law
- privatization of airport operations 291, 300–2
- privity, doctrine of 114–15, 135, 152
- probability of injury 137, 318
- procedural and substantive law 59, 51
- product liability in aviation 144, 148–9
- prohibited items 280–2
- promissory estoppel doctrine 113–15
- property, movable/immovable 139–41, 144
- property, protection of
- proprietary law
- prosecution 168–9, 171–4
- Provisional International Civil aviation Organization (PICAO) 55
- public and private law 26, 50–1
- public international aviation law
- Public Trustee v Commonwealth 147–8
- public utility of defendant’s conduct 138
- punitive damages 147
- Qantas airways airbus A380 engine failure 40–1
- Qantas Airways Ltd v Cameron 138
- Qantas Airways Ltd v Christie 162–3
- ratification of conventions 16, 19, 57
- reason model of organizational conditions 343
- reasonable person test 133–4, 139
- recommended practices see Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS)
- regional airlines 233
- Regional Conference on Aviation Security 2011 271–2
- registration marks 62, 64
- regulation of aviation
- accident investigation 68, 70, 275–6, 329, 338
- aeronautical charts 62–3, 241
- air traffic services 58–67
- airworthiness certification 75, 235, 245, 253, 255–67
- Chicago Convention 1944 14–15, 19–23
- Annexes summary 62–7
- ASEAN market, liberalization of 79–81
- bilateral air service agreements 73–4, 78, 81
- commercial and economic 73
- environmental protection 62, 66, 347, 348–50
- EU-USA open skies agreement 74, 77–8
- liberalization of air services 77–8, 79–81
- multilateral 21, 24, 57–8
- open skies agreements 25–6, 58, 74, 77–80
- conventions, role of 74
- dangerous goods, transport of 62, 64, 230
- divergent views on 56
- environmental protection 62, 66, 89, 357–61
- environmental regulation 34, 84–7
- essentials elements 56
- European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) 71, 74–9
- facilitation for passengers and aircrew 64–5
- information services 62, 66–70
- International Air Transport Association (IATA) 72–3
- International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
- international specifications 61–2, 64, 68
- objectives 61–2
- regional planning 68, 71
- role of 71
- safety standards 52–3
- standardization 68
- Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP) 68–9, 70–1, 338
- licensing of personnel 62–3, 68, 70, 163
- meteorological services 62
- operation of aircraft 26, 38, 63, 68, 72
- safety and technical 57–64
- Search and Rescue (SAR) services 65
- security threats 67, 273
- self-regulation 56
- structure of 56
- telecommunication standards 62, 65
- uniformity in 68
- units of measurement for operations 62, 64
Page 435
- Reichel, P.I. 177, 179
- Reichsgericht 133, 145
- remedies under contract law 124–5, 127
- Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS)
- airspace and 317, 379, 387–90
- applications 81–2, 375, 379–80
- Asia-Pacific RPAS Consortium ix, 390
- autonomous systems 82, 382, 386, 388–9
- Chicago Convention 83
- definition of 386–8
- development of 82
- five ‘A’ attributes of 378
- GATMOC and 82
- global worth of 369
- ICAO RPAS Manual (RPASM) 387–9
- ICAO RPAS Panel 82, 387
- ICAO RPAS Study Group 386
- ICAO Symposium 2017 386
- law struggling with 81
- pilot in command 82
- regulation of 81
- relationship with the law 381
- technology and 381
- UAS International 376, 378, 380
- reputation and privacy, protection of 142–3
- retirement age of pilots 161–2
- Rio declaration on environment and development 357, 360
- risk
- Roscorla v Thomas 113
- Rosman v Trans World Airlines 147
- Ruhl, J.B. 358
- rule of law 39
- Russell, S. 175
- safety
- acceptable level of 319–20
- airport operations 259, 281–4
- air traffic management 296–7, 307, 309
- as business function 330–1, 335–6
- contemporary approach to 248, 291, 231–2
- contracted services, accountability of 340
- defined 329–30
- emergency response plans (ERPs) 282
- Global Aviation Information Network (GAIN) 337
- Global Aviation Safety Plan (GASP) 70, 336–7
- hazards defined 329–30
- ICAO approach to 248, 288
- ICAO standards 57, 60–2, 76–7, 82–3, 85–6
- ICAO state safety programme 335–6
- as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) principle 335
- management accountability 228, 339
- management systems 283–4, 293–7
- operator’s responsibilities 294–5, 297, 339
- reduction of accidents 331–2, 334
- regulation 55, 302–3
- risk defined 329–30, 333–4
- Safety Management Systems (SMS) 61, 283–4, 319
- terminology 334–5
- Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP) 68–71, 338
- Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd 190–2
- Santos-Dumont, Alberto 10
- Schacht case 142
- scheduled carriers 26, 231–2
- Schlesinger, R.D. 47
- screening of passengers and baggage 273, 276–8, 281–5, 289–90
- Search and Rescue (SAR) services 65, 68
- Second World War 13, 22, 58, 231, 275–6
- security
- aircraft entry and departure 275, 280
- and airlines 274–8
- airports 271–9
- body scanners 286
- cargo 272, 280–1, 284
- defined 272–3
- development of standards 269–79
- emergency response plans (ERPs) 276
- EU regulation 300/2008 278–9
- future challenges 288–9
- implementation of standards 274–8
- integrated holistic approach 288
- international standards 256
- Lockerbie bombing 273, 276–7
- onboard 280, 385
- post 9/11 274, 277–8
- prohibited items 281–2
- regional Conference on aviation security 2011 284
- risk-based approach 284
- technology development 269, 274, 279
- threats, regulation of 67, 273, 322
- uniformity in regulation 68–70, 227
- United States 276, 285, 289, 303
- self-regulation 56
- senior management, safety responsibilities of 229, 244, 340
- shares and shareholders 193, 209
- Shawcross, C.N. 8
- Sherman Act (US) 204–5
- shoe-bombing incident 283
- silence as non-acceptance 107–8
- simple/formal contracts 89, 95
- Single European Sky (SES) 318–23
- Smandych, R. 175
- Soc. des Eaux de Vittel v Soc. Supermag Rennes GP 109
- sole proprietors 186–7
- Solomon, K. 342
- sources of aviation law
- Cape Town Connvention 2001 27, 30
- Convention on International Civil aviation 1944
- agenda and objectives 23, 62
- bilateral air services agreements 24–5
- Five Freedoms Agreement 24, 73–4, 78, 81
- freedoms of the air 24–5, 58–9
- importance of 7–8, 12–13
- open skies agreements 25–6, 74, 77–9
- opposing positions 23
- principal parties to 22
- sovereignty 11, 21–4
- Two Freedoms agreement 24–5, 59, 74
- definitions and terminology 15
- domestic aviation law 5–7, 12–13
- early developments 2–3
- Montreal Convention 1999 27–9, 146, 211, 214
- private international aviation law 18–19, 26
- public international aviation law 18–19, 20
- structure of international aviation law 18
- Warsaw Convention 1929 27–30
- sovereignty
- Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) 215, 222, 414
- specifications, international 62, 64, 68
- spray drift claims 145–6
- staff, responsibilities of 244
- standard of proof 171
- Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS)
- stare decisis 46
- Starynin, D. 311, 313
- state aid 82
- State of Himachal Pradesh v Ganesh Wood Products 358
- state safety programme (SSP) 67, 272, 333, 335–6
- state sovereignty see sovereignty
- Stockholm Declaration 360
- strategic alliances 199–200
- strict liability 27–9, 98, 171–4
- structure of international aviation law 2, 18, 31–2
- structures, business 185–6
- substantive and procedural law 49
- summary offences 169–70
- sustainable development 85, 359
- tariffs 232
- technical regulation 52, 63, 76, 77
- technology
- telecommunication standards 62, 65
- Telstra Corporation v Hornsby Shire Council 357
- tenders 104–5, 107
- termination of an offer 105, 109–10
- termination of employment ,159–61
- terminology 15, 211, 334, 385
- terrorist attacks of 9/11
- Tesco Supermarkets Ltd v Nattrass 194
- Tokyo Convention 1963 242, 270
- Torres Quevedo, Leonardo 10
- tort law
- assault 131, 142, 167
- battery 131, 142
- compensation 129–30
- defined 129
- development of 120–1
- in different countries 49
- freedom of movement, protection of 131
- honour, reputation and privacy, protection of 142
- intentional interference 131
- liability
- life and limb, protection of 131
- negligence
- adequate cause 138–9
- breach of duty test 133–4, 147
- defined 55, 132–4
- determining breach of duty 135, 136
- in different legal systems 52, 130, 133
- duty of care 120, 130–8
- foreseeability 138–9
- Good Samaritan principle 139
- Neighbour principle 135, 240
- objective test 133–4, 196
- precautionary measures 136–8
- probability of injury 137–8
- public utility of defendant’s conduct 138–9
- seriousness of injury 137
- property, protection of
Page 437
- traffic rights 58, 81, 275
- Trail Smelter Arbitration (United States v Canada) 356
- Transit Agreement 25, 74, 81
- transport law generally, compared to aviation law 9, 55
- Transport Security Act 2001 (USA) 278–9, 282–3
- trespass 5–6, 130–1, 140–3
- trials 176–80
- Two Freedoms Agreement 25, 59, 74
- Type Certificates 75, 86, 235, 245–7
- UAS International 82, 376, 378–90
- unconscionable conduct in contract law 115
- undue influence in contract law 96, 98, 122
- unenforceable contracts 96, 116–17
- unfair dismissal 159–60
- UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 1992 356, 358–60
- uniformity in regulation of aviation 6, 70, 76–7
- unilateral contracts 95–6
- United States
- Air Traffic Management (ATM) 259, 311–12
- Air Transport Oversight System (ATOS) 248
- airport operations 276, 285, 303–4
- airport security 276, 285, 289
- certification of airports 259, 278, 293, 314
- deregulation 313–14
- early regulation 230–1
- economic regulation of airports 302–4, 313
- environmental protection 66, 357–65
- flight operations 227, 234–8
- Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvement Act (FTAIA) 204–5
- open skies agreement with EU 25–6, 77–9
- Passenger Facility Charge (PFC) programme 303
- security 272–6, 285, 289
- Sherman Act 204–5
- United States of America v Abdulmutallab 285–6
- United States v Causby 140–1
- units of measurement for operations 62, 64
- Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP) 68–71, 338
- unjust enrichment 117
- unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) see Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS)
- unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) see Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS)
- validity of a contract 96–7
- veil of incorporation 190
- Venturini, A. 300
- verbal/written contracts 94–5
- vertical integration 203, 307, 374
- vicarious liability 146, 155–6
- visual flight rules (VFRs) 310–11, 316–17
- voidable contracts 96, 118, 190
- void contracts 96–7, 116–18
- volcanic ash incident, British airways 40
- Vranken, M. 97, 153, 160
- war
- Warsaw Convention 1929 26–8, 90, 211–13
- Werfelman, I. 174, 178
- Will Airships Change Our Laws? (Baldwin) 11
- willful misconduct 27, 147, 214
- withdrawal from negotiation 107–8, 111
- work see employment law
- working hours 110, 157–8
- Wright, Orville 10
- Wright, Wilbur 10
- written/verbal contracts 94–5, 156
- Zeppelin, Ferdinand Von, Count 10
- Zero Emissions Target 2050 2, 84–7, 129, 252, 268, 247–9, 365, 369–71