i-law

International Maritime Law and Practice Comparative Law in Context

Page 582

Index
  • Note: References following “n” refer to notes.
  • abandonment: arrest of the ship 186;
  • accessories of the ship, sale of 125
  • accidental collisions 399–400
  • actual total loss 564–567
  • Admiralty Court: decline of 26–28;
  • admiralty law: and maritime law, distinguished 2–3
  • admissibility of claims, for oil pollution: damage to property 457–458;
  • air-cushion vessels, definition of 377–378
  • apodixia (pulixa, conoscimento) 219
  • apportionment of liability 420–423;
  • ARPA radars 43
  • Arrest Convention, 1952 191
  • Arrest Convention, 1999 191–192
  • arrest of the ship 40, 179–214;
    • attachment 188–189;
    • attempts at unification 190–192;
    • background of 179–180;
    • civil law 189–190;
    • closed list of claims 194–195;
    • common law 184–186;
    • concept of 182;
    • definition of 192–193;
    • English law 187;
    • historical development of 180–181;
    • and jurisdiction 214;
    • liability for wrongful arrest 207–214;
    • Mareva injunction 186;
    • maritime arrest 189;
    • maritime claims 194;
    • maritime liens 194;
    • offending ship see offending ship;
    • powers of 193–194;
    • procedure of 182–184;
    • by public authorities 193;
    • rearrest 207;
    • release from 206;
    • in rem procedure 184–185;
    • right of, exercising 195–196;
    • scope of application 194–195;
    • US law 188–189;
    • US theory on personification of the ship 185–186
  • “as is”: condition of the ship on delivery 121–122;
    • definition of 124
  • Athens Convention 1974: carriage of passengers 373–374;
    • liability for death and personal injury 379–381
  • attachment 188–189;
    • preliminary 182;
    • pre-trial 189
  • bailment 217, 222, 232
  • Baltic and International Maritime Council (BIMCO): Law and Arbitration Clause 2020 131;
    • NEWBUILDCON see NEWBUILDCON;
    • Shipsale 22
  • Beijing Convention on the Judicial Sale of Ships: certificate 175–176;
    • entering into force 178;
    • notice requirements 175;
    • prohibition against arresting a ship sold in a judicial sale 177–178;
    • rationale of 173–174;
    • repository mechanism 178;
    • scope of 174–175
  • “beneficial service” theory 166
  • berth charter party 336–337
  • berth safety 330–333
  • bill of lading: blockchain 290–291;
    • carrier's right to insert reservations 259–260;
    • clean 268;
    • definition of 248;
    • as document of title 249, 251–256;
    • as evidence of contract 249–251;
    • formation of 217–219;
    • as a functional equivalent of electronic transport documents 288;
    • functions of 248–249;
    • house 280;
    • under international conventions, evidentiary effect of 257–258;
    • as a receipt 256–270;
    • under time charter, signature of 367–368
  • bill of sale 54, 119, 126–127
  • BIMCO see Baltic and International Maritime Council (BIMCO)
  • blockchain bills of lading 290–291
  • boat and ship, distinguished 50
  • Bolero Rulebook 289
  • “both-to-blame” rule 421;
  • bottomry 139–140, 545
  • Brussels Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Maritime Liens and Mortgages of 1926 134–135;
    • rank of priorities 161–163
  • bunkers 125–126, 327, 350, 355, 356, 358, 364, 436, 439, 474, 474, 533
  • burden of proof 14;
  • buyer: default 129;
    • name, in content of ship sale contract 112
  • Byzantine law 13–14
  • cabin luggage 378–380, 382, 383, 385
  • cancelling clause 328–329
  • cargo 488;
    • capacity of the ship 321–322;
    • claims, liability for 426–428;
    • duty to provide (dead freight) 324;
    • voyage charter 323
  • carriage of goods by sea: and carriage of passengers, compared 370;
    • carrier's liability 233–234;
    • civil law 231–232;
    • common law 232–233;
    • developments in 19th century 221–223;
    • electronic transport documents see electronic transport documents;
    • future of 300–301;
    • general principles relating to delivery of the goods 272–276;
    • Hague Rules, 1924 224–226;
    • Hague-Visby Rules, 1968 226–227, 234–247;
    • Hamburg Rules, 1978 227–228;
    • Harter Act, 1893 223;
    • historical development of 216–223;
    • letters of indemnity 270–272;
    • liability regime under the Hague-Visby Rules 234–247;
    • liner carriage 215–216;
    • multimodal transport documents 280–287;
    • Rotterdam Rules, 2008 228–230;
    • sea waybill 276–280;
    • tramp carriage 216;
    • transport documents see transport documents;
    • unification of the law regulating 223–233
  • carriage of passengers 369–389;
    • and carriage of goods by sea, compared 370;
    • carrier's liability 379–382;
    • carrier's obligations 378–379;
    • contributory fault 384–385;
    • defences and limits for carriers’ servants 384–385;
    • definition of 376–378;
    • development in 19th century 372;
    • history of 371–372;
    • insurance and certification requirements 387;
    • jurisdiction 388–389;
    • legal regulation of 373–375;
    • liability for luggage 382–384;
    • limitation of liability 385–386;
    • scope of application 375–376;
    • time bar 387–388
  • carrier: immunities 238;
    • liability see carrier's liability;
    • obligations 217, 370, 377, 378–379;
    • right to insert reservations 259–260;
    • servants, defences and limits for 384–385
  • carrier's liability 11, 28, 216, 217, 220–230, 231–234, 236, 241–244, 256, 258–261, 375, 376, 378–386, 427;
    • changes by Protocol 2002 381–382;
    • for death and personal injury under Athens Convention 1974 379–381;
    • for luggage 382–383;
    • of valuables 383–384
  • cartolario 218
  • causation: carriage of good by sea 229, 230;
  • causative potency 402, 422–423
  • certificate 39, 63, 90, 92, 95, 102, 108, 120, 128, 430, 474, 541;
  • certification requirements, for carriage of passengers 387
  • charterers, definition of 529–530
  • charter parties 302–368;
    • for consecutive voyages 316–317;
    • contracts, regulation of 307–310;
    • criteria for distinguishing 306;
    • definition of 302–303;
    • demise (bareboat) charter see demise (bareboat) charter;
    • developments in 19th century 305–306;
    • etymology of 303;
    • functions of 302–303;
    • history of 303–303;
    • legal nature of 303;
    • lex mercatoria 304–305;
    • negotiation of 309–310;
    • Nomos Rhodion Nauticos 304;
    • selection of 307;
    • standard forms of 308–309;
    • time charter see time charter;
    • types of 306–307;
    • voyage charter see voyage charter
  • chattel mortgage 141
  • China: liability of time charterer for collision in 431–432;
    • maritime commerce, development of 6;
    • shipbuilding contracts 72
  • China Maritime Arbitration Commission (CMAC) 76n21, 77, 82;
    • compulsory modifications, in shipbuilding contracts 88;
    • insurance 106;
    • rejection of the vessel 91
  • CISG see United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG)
  • civil jurisdiction: in arrest of the ship 214;
    • in maritime collision 429;
    • in oil pollution 444
  • civil law 39–40;
    • action against the demise charterer 205–206;
    • arrest of the ship 189–190;
    • bill of lading as a document of title 253–256;
    • bill of lading as a receipt 257;
    • carriage of goods by sea 222, 231–232;
    • carrier's liability 380;
    • clean bill of lading 269–270;
    • condition of the ship on delivery 123;
    • duty of disclosure 560–561;
    • economic loss due to oil pollution 460;
    • good faith 560–561;
    • legal nature of shipbuilding contracts 75;
    • liability for wrongful arrest 210–211;
    • maritime collision 391, 393–394;
    • piercing corporate veil 202–203;
    • ship mortgages in 143;
    • shipowner's liability, limitation of 523–524
  • class certificate 115, 118, 121, 126, 127
  • classification requirements 80–81
  • class of the ship 353–354
  • class records inspection 115–116
  • CLC Convention 1969: 2003 Supplementary Fund 450;
    • application of 438–441;
    • comparative note 444;
    • damage, definition of 440–441;
    • exemptions from liability 446–447;
    • geographic scope of 439–440;
    • limitation of liability 448–451;
    • loss of the right to limitation 450–451;
    • oil, definition of 438–439;
    • oil pollution 437–451;
    • preventing claims against other parties 443–444;
    • preventive measures, definition of 441;
    • right of recourse 444–445;
    • ship definition 439;
    • shipowner, liability of 441–442;
    • strict liability 445–446
  • clean bill of lading: civil law 269–270;
  • CMAC see China Maritime Arbitration Commission (CMAC)
  • CMI see Comité Maritime International (CMI)
  • COA see contract of affreightment (COA)
  • collision: accidental 399–400;
    • definition of 398;
    • maritime see maritime collision
  • COLREGS see International Regulation for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS)
  • Comité Maritime International (CMI) 29–30;
    • on arrest of the ship 191;
    • on carriage of goods by sea 224;
    • on judicial sale 173;
    • on maritime collision 397;
    • on ship mortgages 134, 135
  • common law 39–40;
    • action against the demise charterer 204–205;
    • arrest of the ship 184–186;
    • bill of lading as a document of title 252–253;
    • bill of lading as a receipt 257;
    • carriage of goods by sea 232–233;
    • clean bill of lading 268–269;
    • courts and High Court of Admiralty, relationship between 26–28;
    • economic loss due to oil pollution 459–460;
    • entrepreneurship 145;
    • liability for wrongful arrest 208–210;
    • piercing corporate veil 200–202;
    • right of self-help 145;
    • salvage 514;
    • ship mortgages 141, 144, 149–150;
    • shipowner's liability, limitation of 524–525;
    • sister ship 197
  • “community of interests” (“communauté d’intérêt”) theory 202
  • comparative negligence 39n170;
  • compulsory insurance, for oil pollution 451–454;
    • direct claim against the insurer 453–454
  • compulsory modifications, in shipbuilding contracts 88–89
  • condition of the ship on delivery: “as is” 121–122;
    • comparative note 122–124;
    • notice of readiness 124;
    • without condition/recommendation 120–121
  • conflict of security interests 133–134
  • consecutive voyages, charter party for 316–317
  • Consolato del Mare 19–20;
    • carriage of passengers 371–372;
    • maritime liens 154;
    • salvage 482
  • constructive total loss 565–567
  • containers: goods carried in 265–267;
  • content of shipbuilding contract 78–91;
    • classification requirements 80–81;
    • compulsory modifications 88–89;
    • description of a ship 79–80;
    • modifications to agreed specification 86–89;
    • payment of the price 82–83;
    • performance characteristics 83–86;
    • subcontracting 81–82;
    • trial and testing 89–90;
    • vessel, rejection of 90–91
  • content of ship sale contract: buyer name 112;
    • description of the ship 112;
    • purchase price 112–113;
    • seller name 111–112
  • continental Europe: maritime law in 22–23
  • contract of affreightment (COA) 317–318
  • contract of carriage, definition of 376
  • contracts: of carriage of goods by sea see carriage of goods by sea;
  • charter, regulation of 307–310;
  • contract salvage 496–500;
    • Lloyd's Open Form of Salvage Agreement 499–500;
    • master's authority to sign 498–499
  • contributory fault 384–385
  • contributory negligence 39, 570;
  • Convention on Liability for Collision, 1910 397–399;
    • collision, definition of 398;
    • ship definition 398–399
  • Convention on Salvage, 1910 485–486
  • counter-security 190, 191, 209, 213–214
  • crossing situation 416
  • damages: assessment of 424–426;
    • to the environment 503–504;
    • liquidated see liquidated damages;
    • pollution, definition of 440–441;
    • to property 457–458;
    • quantification of 469–472
  • Databridge Services and Users Agreement (DSUA) 289
  • dead freight 304, 317, 324, 348
  • deadweight (DWT) 80, 321;
    • liquidated damages for 85
  • defect in the ship 237, 313, 379, 380, 382
  • delivery of the goods: in case of sea waybill 278;
    • general principles relating to 272–276
  • delivery of the ship 91–95;
    • cancellation date 119;
    • comparative note 94–95;
    • condition of ship upon 95, 120–124;
    • estimated delivery time 119;
    • extension of time due to force majeure clause 92–93;
    • force majeure clause, construction of 93–94;
    • liquidated damages, for delay in delivery 92;
    • place of delivery 119;
    • ship sale contracts 118–119;
    • time of 92, 119
  • delivery of the vessel 357–358;
  • demise (bareboat) charter 310–315;
    • characteristics of 311;
    • economic role of 314–315;
    • finance charters (hire purchase) 315;
    • operating charters 314–315;
    • owners’ liability to third parties 313–314;
    • shipowner's obligations 313;
    • and time charter, compared 349;
    • transfer of possession and control 311–313
  • demise charterer, arrest against the: civil law 205–206;
  • demurrage 344–346
  • depositum 232
  • description of a ship: dimensions 79;
  • detention 66, 128, 192, 193, 208, 209, 330, 339, 344–347
  • deviation clause, in charter parties 326–328
  • dispatch money 341, 347
  • distributed ledger technology (DLT) 291
  • DLT see distributed ledger technology (DLT)
  • documentation of ship sale contracts: bill of sale 126–127;
    • class certificate 127
  • document of title: bill of lading as 249, 251–256;
    • civil law 253–256;
    • common law 252–253;
    • electronic transport documents as 289;
    • multimodal transport documents as 281–282;
    • and sea waybill, distinguished 277–278
  • documents see documentation of ship sale contracts;see document of title;
  • electronic see transport documents;
  • transport documents
  • dry-docking inspection 117–118
  • DSUA see Databridge Services and Users Agreement (DSUA)
  • due diligence: carriage of goods by sea 216, 217, 219, 223–225, 230, 233, 234–237, 239, 241–243, 271;
    • carriage of passengers 378, 379, 381;
    • demise charter 314;
    • judicial sale 171;
    • maritime collision 399, 406, 408;
    • maritime liens 168;
    • oil pollution 447;
    • preliminary voyage 326;
    • safe port/safe birth 330, 332;
    • seaworthiness clause 322;
    • shipbuilding contracts 93;
    • shipowner's liability 10, 535;
    • ship sale contracts 122, 124, 129, 130
  • duty of disclosure: in civil law 560–561;
    • materiality 556–557;
    • under MIA 1906 555–556;
    • remedies for breach of 560;
    • utmost good faith (uberrimae fidei) 557–559
  • duty to provide cargo (dead freight) 324
  • DWT see deadweight (DWT)
  • economic loss due to oil pollution 458–466;
    • civil law 460;
    • common law 459–460;
    • convergence 460–461;
    • IOPC Fund Claims Manual 463–464;
    • IOPC Funds practice 464–466;
    • uniform standards of proximity 461–463
  • electronic document of title, definition of 295
  • electronic transport documents: blockchain bills of lading 290–291;
    • as a documents of title 289;
    • as a functional equivalent of bills of lading 288;
    • national legislation 294–300;
    • registry model 289–290;
    • UNCITRAL MLETR 291–294
  • employment and indemnity clause 366–367
  • encumbrances 103, 128–129, 143, 144, 169, 172, 174, 176
  • England: Admiralty Court see Admiralty Court;
  • local court's administration of maritime law 24–25;
    • maritime law in 23–28
  • English law: action against the demise charterer 204;
    • arrest of the ship 187;
    • delivery of the goods 274–275;
    • liability for wrongful arrest 208–209;
    • maritime collision 394–395;
    • multimodal transport documents 282–285;
    • piercing corporate veil 200–201;
    • salvage 483–484
  • environmental damage 468–469;
  • environmental hazards: maritime law adjustments to 43
  • environmental liability 473–474
  • equal division (“judicium rusticorum”), principle of 393, 395
  • equitable mortgage 142, 174
  • ETA see expected time arrival (ETA)
  • evidence of the contract: bill of lading 248;
    • sea waybill 277
  • expected time arrival (ETA) 325
  • extraterritoriality 59;
    • in international law 70
  • fault: by authorities in maintenance of navigational aids 447;
    • based on unseaworthiness 403–404;
    • based on violation of navigational rules 404;
    • collision caused by 400–401;
    • contributory, in carriage of passengers 384–385;
    • elements for establishing 402–403;
    • principle 379, 401
  • FCL see full container load (FCL)
  • finance charters (hire purchase) 315
  • flag(s) 60;
    • parallel 61;
    • states under international law, obligations of 69–70
  • flags of convenience (FOC) 65–70
  • FOC see flags of convenience (FOC)
  • force majeure clause 94–95;
    • accidental collisions 399–400;
    • carriage of goods by sea 232, 238;
    • charter parties 328, 337;
    • construction of 93–94;
    • dead freight 324;
    • demurrage 346;
    • extension of time due to 92–93;
    • maritime collision 391, 394, 409, 423;
    • natural disasters 446;
    • oil pollution 446;
    • war risks 446
  • foreclosure 144, 149, 150, 170
  • forum non conveniens 214
  • freedom of contract 78, 81, 222, 223, 306, 308, 379, 496
  • freight 348–349;
  • French law: action against the demise charterer 205;
    • document of title 254;
    • electronic transport documents 300;
    • liability for wrongful arrest 211;
    • piercing corporate veil 202–203;
    • pre-printed clauses, validity of 264;
    • salvage 484–485
  • fuel consumption 84, 90, 353;
    • excessive 86, 114;
    • guaranteed 83;
    • liquidated damages for 85;
    • time charter 309, 355–356
  • full container load (FCL) 267
  • functional equivalence, principle of 292
  • GENCON 320, 321, 329
  • general average, principle of 9
  • “genuine link” between a state and a ship 63–65
  • German law: document of title 254;
    • electronic transport documents 295;
    • liability for wrongful arrest 210;
    • pre-printed clauses, validity of 264–265
  • give-way vessel 416–417
  • GPS 43
  • gradual transfer of property 101–102
  • gross negligence 190, 208, 209, 211, 212, 274, 275, 386, 447, 512, 535, 536, 538, 561
  • Hague Rules, 1924: carriage of goods by sea 224–226
  • Hague-Visby Rules, 1968: burden of proof 240–243;
    • carriage of goods by sea 226–227;
    • errors in navigation and management 239–240;
    • exceptions 238;
    • liability regime under 234–247;
    • limitation of liability 243–247;
    • seaworthiness 234–237
  • Hamburg Rules, 1978: carriage of goods by sea 227–228
  • Hanseatic League 20;
  • harmonization of maritime law 41–42
  • Harter Act, 1893: carriage of goods by sea 223
  • hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) 436, 451
  • head-on situation 416
  • hire: off-hire 363–364;
  • historical character of maritime law 35–36
  • HNS see hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)
  • home port 58
  • Hong Kong law: liability for wrongful arrest 210
  • hypothecation (hypotheca) 12
  • IA 2015: revision of utmost good faith 558–560;
    • revisions of warranties 563–564
  • IACS see International Association of Classification Societies (IACS)
  • ICJ see International Court of Justice (ICJ)
  • ILA see International Law Association (ILA)
  • IMLI see International Maritime Law Institute (IMLI)
  • IMO see International Maritime Organization (IMO)
  • indemnity 553–554
  • individualization of the ship: home port 58;
  • in personam jurisdiction: arrest of the ship 180, 181, 183–188, 190, 197;
    • charter parties 312;
    • judicial sale 169;
    • maritime collision 424;
    • salvage 513;
    • sister ship, arrest of 198
  • in rem jurisdiction 38, 40, 55;
  • Institute Cargo Clauses: marine insurance 553
  • Institute Clauses: marine insurance 552–553
  • Institute Hull Clauses: marine insurance 552
  • insurable interest 554–555
  • insurance 106, 148;
    • compulsory 451–454;
    • cover, for salvage 513–514;
    • marine see marine insurance;
    • requirements, for carriage of passengers 387;
    • ship mortgage 148
  • insurer's liability 387, 453, 531, 547, 563, 564
  • International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) 127
  • International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules relating to Maritime Liens and Mortgages, 1967 135
  • International Convention on Maritime Liens and Mortgages, 1993 135–136
  • International Court of Justice (ICJ): on “genuine link” between a state and a ship 64
  • International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (IOPC Fund) 1971/1992: Claims Manual 463–464;
  • International Law Association (ILA) 28;
    • on carriage of goods by sea 223, 224;
    • on document of title 253
  • International Maritime Law Institute (IMLI) 31
  • International Maritime Organization (IMO) 30–31, 135;
    • carriage of passengers (Reservation and Guidelines 2006) 375;
    • Constitution of the Maritime Safety Committee 64;
    • Guidelines, for limitation of shipowner's liability 538–539;
    • on maritime collision 405;
    • on oil pollution 435;
    • repository mechanism of judicial sale 178;
    • Traffic Separation Schemes 414
  • International Regulation for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS) 404–419;
    • action by stand-on vessel 417–418;
    • action by the give-way vessel 416–417;
    • action to avoid collision 413–414;
    • ambiguous rule 418–419;
    • crossing situation 416;
    • head-on situation 416;
    • lookout 410–412;
    • navigation in narrow channels 414;
    • overtaking 415–416;
    • Rule of Good Seamanship, The 407–408;
    • rules for vessels in any condition of visibility 410;
    • safe speed 412–413;
    • Special Circumstance Rule, The 408–410;
    • as standard for establishing liability 406–419;
    • steering and sailing rules 410–419;
    • structure of 406;
    • Traffic Separation Schemes 414–415
  • International Transport Workers’ Federation (ITF) 71;
    • Fair Practices campaign against the FOC system 68
  • International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) 65, 66
  • inverse order, principle of 165–166
  • Italian law: action against the demise charterer 205;
    • liability for wrongful arrest 211;
    • piercing corporate veil 203
  • ITF see International Transport Workers’ Federation (ITF)
  • ITLOS see International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)
  • Japanese law: liability for wrongful arrest 211;
    • liability of time charterer for collision 430–431;
    • piercing corporate veil 203
  • Japanese Shipping Exchange: Tokyo Maritime Arbitration Commission (“TOMAC”) 130–131
  • jet skis 49–50
  • judicial sale 169–178;
    • Beijing Convention on the Judicial Sale of Ships 173–175;
    • Beijing Convention on the Judicial Sale of Ships see Beijing Convention on the Judicial Sale of Ships;
    • certificate of 175–176;
    • entering into force 178;
    • international effects of 176;
    • legal unification of 172–178;
    • method of 170–171;
    • of mortgaged ship 170;
    • notice requirements for 175;
    • prohibition against arresting a ship sold in 177–178;
    • refusal to recognize the legal effects of 176–177;
    • repository mechanism 178
  • jurisdiction: carriage of passengers 388–389;
    • civil see civil jurisdiction; in personam
    • penal, in maritime collision 429–430
  • jus in re 158
  • jus in rem 158
  • laches 168
  • land mortgage 141, 147
  • late delivery, liquidated damages for 85–86
  • law merchant (lex mercatoria) 16–17, 27, 74;
  • law of finds 12–13, 475–476
  • law of the forum (lex fori) 171
  • law of the sea: and maritime law, distinguished 3–4
  • Laws of Melaka 21;
  • laytime 335–347;
    • berth charter party 336–337;
    • calculation of 341;
    • commencement of 335–336;
    • demurrage 344–346;
    • detention 346–347;
    • dispatch money 347;
    • exceptions and interruptions of 342–344;
    • notice of readiness 338–340;
    • port charter party 337–338
  • legal mortgage 142
  • legal status of the ship 45–71;
    • boat and ship, distinguished 50;
    • individualization 56–58;
    • jet skis 49–50;
    • nationality see nationality of the ship;
    • person and ship, compared 55–56;
    • registration see registration of ships;see ship definition
  • letters of indemnity (LOI): legal regulation of validity of 270–271;
  • liability: apportionment of 420–423;
  • life salvage 501–503
  • limitation amounts, for oil pollution 448–449
  • Limitation Convention 1924 525–526
  • Limitation Convention 1957 526–527
  • Limitation Convention 1976 527–528
  • liner carriage 215–216, 281, 305, 307
  • liquidated damages 83–86;
    • calculation of 86;
    • for deadweight capacity 85;
    • for delay in delivery 92;
    • for fuel consumption 85;
    • for late delivery 85–86;
    • for vessel's speed 84
  • Lloyd's marine policy 549–552
  • Lloyd's Open Form of Salvage Agreement (LOF) 499–500
  • Lloyd's Standard and Arbitration Clauses (LSSA) 500
  • LMAA see London Maritime Arbitrators Association (LMAA)
  • loans: maritime 7–9, 11–13, 19, 139, 545–547;
    • nautical 7, 14
  • LOF see Lloyd's Open Form of Salvage Agreement (LOF)
  • LOI see letters of indemnity (LOI)
  • London Maritime Arbitrators Association (LMAA) 130
  • LSSA see Lloyd's Standard and Arbitration Clauses (LSSA)
  • luggage: cabin 378–380, 382, 383, 385;
  • managers, definition of 531
  • manoeuvrability 47, 90, 390
  • Mareva injunction 186
  • marine insurance 12, 31, 34, 38, 120, 220, 221, 519, 544–575;
    • causation 568–573;
    • comparative note 561–562;
    • duty of disclosure see duty of disclosure;
    • early legislation 547–548;
    • early origins of 545;
    • in England 548–549;
    • good faith in civil law 560–561;
    • historical background of 544–550;
    • indemnity 553–554;
    • Institute Clauses 552–553;
    • insurable interest 554–555;
    • legal framework of 550–553;
    • liability 568–573;
    • Lloyd's marine policy 549–552;
    • in Middle Ages 545–547;
    • partial loss 567–568;
    • principles of 553–562;
    • remedies for breach of duty of disclosure 560;
    • right of subrogation 573–575;
    • total loss 564–564;
    • warranties 563–564
  • maritime arrest 189
  • maritime claims: arrest of the ship 194;
    • and maritime liens, distinguished 152–153
  • maritime collision 390–432;
    • applicable law 430;
    • apportionment of liability 420–423;
    • both-to-blame collision 421;
    • burden of proof and presumptions 401–402;
    • cargo claims, liability for 426–428;
    • causation and liability 401–404;
    • caused by fault 400–401;
    • civil jurisdiction in 429;
    • Convention on Liability for Collision, 1910 397–399;
    • damages, assessment of 424–426;
    • developments in civil law 393–394;
    • developments in English law 394–395;
    • developments in US law 395–396;
    • fault based on unseaworthiness 403–404;
    • fault based on violation of navigational rules 404;
    • historical background of 391–397;
    • liability of time charterer for, in East Asian jurisdictions 430–432;
    • penal jurisdiction in 429–430;
    • Pennsylvania rule 396–397;
    • personal injury, liability for 428–429;
    • pilot's negligence, liability for 423–424;
    • shipowner's negligence 403;
    • statutory and regulatory rules on navigation see navigation, statutory and regulatory rules on
  • maritime commerce 1–2;
    • development of 5–6;
    • in Northern Europe 20
  • maritime exchange contract (cambium nauticum) 545–546
  • maritime law: adaptation to technological development, process of 42;
    • adjustments to environmental hazards 43;
    • and admiralty law, distinguished 2–3;
    • challenges to 43–44;
    • definition of 2–4;
    • early development of 6–8;
    • harmonization of 41–42;
    • historical character of 35–36;
    • historical development of 4–28;
    • hybrid character of 38–40;
    • international character 36;
    • and law of the sea, distinguished 3–4;
    • less perilous character of 43;
    • particularism of 37–38;
    • period of unification of 28–35;
    • process of evolution 42;
    • reactive character of 40–41;
    • scope of 2–4;
    • unification of 41–42;
    • uniform character of 36–37;
    • see also individual entries
  • maritime liens 132–168;
    • 1926 Convention 134–135;
    • 1967 Convention 135;
    • 1993 Convention 135–136;
    • abandonment 155;
    • arrest of the ship 194;
    • concept of 151–152, 156;
    • definition of 151–152;
    • enforceable only through the court 159;
    • extinction of 167–168;
    • features of 156–159;
    • hidden character 157–158;
    • historical development of 153–154;
    • legal effect of termination of 168;
    • legal nature of the right 158;
    • and maritime claims, distinguished 152–153;
    • no agreement 157;
    • no formality 157;
    • no possession 157;
    • object of 159;
    • and possessory liens, distinguished 152;
    • preferential rights (privileges) 155–156;
    • priorities of 133;
    • privileged claims 159–161;
    • privileged claims ranking 161–167;
    • purpose of 152;
    • right in rem 154–155;
    • for salvage 513–514;
    • and statutory liens, distinguished 153;
    • theoretical origins of 154–156;
    • time bar 167–168;
    • uniformity in 136–137
  • maritime loans 7–9, 11–13, 19, 139, 545–547
  • Memorandum of Agreement (MOA): ship inspection 114–116;
    • ship sale contracts 109, 110
  • MEPS International Steel Review 83
  • Middle Ages, maritime trade in: Consolato del Mare 19–20;
    • Laws of Melaka 21;
    • medieval city-state statutes 18;
    • Northern Europe 20;
    • overview of 15–18;
    • Rolls of Oleron 18–19
  • MOA see Memorandum of Agreement (MOA)
  • moderate speed 412
  • mortgaged ship, sale of 170;
    • creditor acting in own interest 170
  • mortgagee's risks 147–148
  • mortgage see ship mortgage
  • MTD see multimodal transport documents (MTD)
  • MTO see multimodal transport operators (MTO)
  • multimodal transport documents (MTD) 280–287;
    • as a document of title 281–282, 285–287;
    • as a document of title, criteria for determining 285–287;
    • not issued by the carrier 282–283;
    • not recognized as a document of title 283–285;
    • objections under English law 282–285;
    • as a “received for shipment” document 283
  • multimodal transport operators (MTO) 280–283, 285, 286
  • name of the ship 56–58;
    • changing 127;
    • charter party contracts 320–321
  • national codification 21–22
  • nationality of the ship 58–71;
    • 1986 Convention on Conditions for Registration of Ships 65–66;
    • flag 60;
    • flags of convenience 67–68;
    • flag states under international law, obligations of 69–70;
    • “genuine link” between a state and a ship 63–65;
    • granting 62–63;
    • granting, requirements for 66;
    • parallel flags 61;
    • rationale for 61–62;
    • sea-going vessels, lack of uniformity in registration requirements for 66–67;
    • second registers 68–69;
    • time charter 353;
    • vessels without 60–61
  • national law 34–35
  • national sovereignty 22
  • natural disasters 446–447
  • natural justice 517, 519
  • nautical loan 7, 14; see loans, see maritime loans
  • navigation 1–2;
    • COLREGS see International Regulation for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS);
    • restricted visibility, rules for vessels in 419–420;
    • statutory and regulatory rules on 404–420
  • navigational rules, fault based on violation of 404
  • negligence 10, 43, 130, 185, 217, 222, 230–232, 239, 240, 312, 314, 330, 331, 333, 350, 401, 402, 406–408;
  • negotiation 33, 77, 78, 82;
  • negotiorum gestio principle 478, 485, 489
  • NEWBUILDCON: compulsory modifications, in shipbuilding contracts 88;
    • contract price, adjustment of 84;
    • insurance 106;
    • legal regime of shipbuilding contracts 77;
    • modifications to the agreed specification 87;
    • price escalation clauses 82;
    • rejection of the vessel 91;
    • shipbuilder's warranty for defects 96;
    • subcontracting 81;
    • termination by the shipbuilder 100
  • new law merchant 32–34;
    • standard forms of 33–34;
    • uniform rules for 33
  • New World (Mundus Novus) 21
  • Nipponsale 1999 108, 109, 130–131;
    • condition of the ship on delivery 123;
    • underwater inspection of the ship 117
  • “no cure, no pay” principle 481, 484, 485, 486n62, 494–497, 501, 504–506, 511, 528
  • Nomos Rhodion Nautikos/Nomos Rhodion Nauticos: carriage of goods by sea 217;
  • non-shipping incidents 379–381
  • NOR see notice of readiness (NOR)
  • Norwegian Saleform (NSF) see Saleform 2012
  • notice: arrest of the ship 183, 194;
  • notice of readiness (NOR) 109, 124, 129, 130, 338–340
  • noxal liability 180, 519–521
  • NSF see Saleform 2012
  • offending ship 196–206;
    • action against the demise charterer 203–206;
    • piercing corporate veil 200–203;
    • sister ship, arrest of 197–200
  • off-hire 363–364
  • oil, definition of 438–439
  • oil pollution 433–474;
    • 2003 Supplementary Fund 450;
    • admissibility of claims see admissibility of claims, for oil pollution;
    • CLC Convention 1969
    • environmental liability 473–474;
    • IFC 1971/1992 454–457;
    • jurisdictional issues 472;
    • legal framework, creation of 434–437;
    • legal issues related to liability for 434;
    • limitation amounts for 448–449;
    • preventive measures for 466–468;
    • quantification of damage 469–472
  • open registry see flags of convenience (FOC)
  • operators, definition of 531
  • overtaking 415–416
  • ownership 20, 39, 63, 65, 155, 185, 190, 191, 197;
  • package: container as 245–247;
    • definition of 244
  • pacta sunt servanda principle 78
  • parallel flags 61
  • partial loss 567–568
  • particularism of maritime law 37–38
  • passengers: carriage of see carriage of passengers;
  • claim for salvage award 493;
    • definition of 378
  • payment: guarantees 104–105;
    • of hire 362;
    • of the price 82–83
  • penal jurisdiction, in maritime collision 429–430
  • Pennsylvania rule: maritime collision 396–397
  • performance characteristics 83–86
  • period of the charter 356–357
  • personal injury, liability for 428–428;
    • under Athens Convention 1974 379–381
  • person and ship, compared 55–56
  • physical inspection of the ship 116
  • pilot's negligence, liability for 423–424
  • piracy 20, 38, 62, 331, 384, 566
  • pledge (pignus) 12
  • pollution: damage, definition of 440–441;
    • oil see oil pollution
  • port charter party 337–338
  • port safety 330–333
  • port state control (PSC) 70
  • possession of a ship under mortgage 145, 149–150
  • possessory liens: and maritime liens, distinguished 152
  • powers: of arrest of the ship 193–194
  • preferential rights: maritime liens 155–156
  • preliminary voyage to port of loading 325–326
  • pre-printed clauses: transport documents 263–265
  • presumed liability 11, 217, 222, 230–233, 380
  • preventive measures: definition of 441;
  • price: contract, adjustment of 83–86;
    • escalation clauses 82–83;
    • payment of the 82–83
  • private law 38–39
  • private sale 171
  • privileged claims of maritime liens 159–161
  • privileged claims ranking of maritime liens 161–167;
    • arising in the same voyage 166–167;
    • inverse order, principle of 165–166;
    • national laws 164–165;
    • order of priorities 165;
    • priorities under 1926 Convention 161–163;
    • second rank 164
  • Privy Council: on termination of maritime liens 168
  • professional salvors 491–492
  • property interest 138, 142, 144, 147, 158, 461, 471, 487, 553
  • Protocol 1996: shipowner's liability, limitation of 540–541
  • Protocol 2002: carriage of passengers 374–375;
    • carrier's liability 381–382
  • PSC see port state control (PSC)
  • public authorities: arrest of the ship by 193
  • public key infrastructure (PKI) 291
  • public law 3, 23, 38–39, 53;
    • oil pollution 435
  • public policy background of salvage 476–478
  • purchase price: ship sale contract 112–113
  • pure salvage 496
  • quaternus 218
  • reactive character of maritime law 40–41
  • rearrest of the ship 207
  • receipt: bill of lading 248;
    • sea waybill 277
  • redelivery: late 361;
  • redemption 149
  • refund 104–105
  • registration of ships 39, 51–55;
    • certificate of registry 54–55;
    • under construction 102–103;
    • FOC and 68;
    • mortgages 146–147;
    • process of 52;
    • purpose of 53–54;
    • title 54
  • registry model 289–290
  • release from arrest of the ship 206
  • repository mechanism of judicial sale 178
  • reservations: carrier's right to insert 259–260;
    • related to the condition, legal effect of 261–263
  • respondeat superior 424
  • restitutio in integrum principle 424–425, 469, 471–472, 516, 522
  • restricted visibility, rules for vessels in 419–420
  • right: of arrest of the ship 195–196;
    • carrier's right to insert reservations 259–260;
    • of control 278–280, 293;
    • of self-help 145
  • right of recourse 444–445
  • right of subrogation 573–575
  • risk(s): mortgagee's 147–148;
    • premium (premium periculi) 12;
    • ship sale contracts 119–120;
    • transfer of 105–106
  • Rolls of Oleron 18–19, 20, 22
  • Roman law 8–13;
    • carriage of goods by sea 216–217;
    • foenus nauticum 139;
    • general average, principle of 9;
    • maritime collision 391–393;
    • maritime liens 153;
    • salvage 478–479;
    • shipowner's liability 10–11
  • Rotterdam Rules, 2008: carriage of goods by sea 228–230
  • Rule of Good Seamanship, The 407–408
  • Rules of the Road 28, 404–405
  • safe speed 412–413
  • SAJ see Shipbuilding Association of Japan (SAJ)
  • sale contracts see ship sale contracts
  • Saleform 2012 108–109, 110;
    • buyer's default 129;
    • cancellation date 119;
    • condition of the ship on delivery 120–122;
    • delivery of the ship 118;
    • documentation of ship sale contracts 126;
    • encumbrances 128;
    • purchase price in ship sale contract 113;
    • risk in ship sale contracts 120;
    • seller's default 130;
    • ship inspection 114
  • salvage 12–13, 475–515;
    • award see salvage award;
    • concept of 475–478;
    • contract 496–500;
    • developments after Middle Ages 483–485;
    • history of 478–485;
    • insurance cover for 513–514;
    • international regulation of 485–486;
    • law of 475–476;
    • law of wrecks 514–515;
    • legal origin of 478;
    • life 501–503;
    • maritime liens for 513–514;
    • object of 487–488;
    • for protecting the environment 504;
    • public policy background of 476–478;
    • pure 496;
    • of a ship belonging to the same owner 493–494;
    • towage 500–501;
    • in waters 488–489
  • salvage award 506–511;
    • among salvors, apportionment of 512–513;
    • assessment of 508–511;
    • conditions for obtaining 489–496;
    • damage to the environment 503–504;
    • degree of danger 509–510;
    • environment as subject to 503–506;
    • expertise of salvors 510–511;
    • property subject to 487–488;
    • reduction of 511–512;
    • salvage must be successful 494–496;
    • salvage must be voluntary 490–493;
    • salved property must be in danger 489–490;
    • SCOPIC clause 506;
    • special compensation for 504–506;
    • value of property salved 508–509
  • salvors: apportionment of the award among 512–513;
  • SCOPIC see Special Compensation of Protection and Indemnity (SCOPIC) clause
  • sea-going vessels, lack of uniformity in registration requirements for 66–67
  • sea waybill 276–280;
    • characteristics of 277–278;
    • delivery of the goods in case of 278;
    • receipt 277;
    • right of control 278–280
  • seaworthiness 219–221, 231;
    • charter parties 322–323;
    • Hague-Visby Rules, 1968 234–237
  • second registers 68–69
  • security 104–105;
    • counter-security 213–214;
    • interests, conflict of 133–134;
    • interests, in shipping 132–134;
    • salvors 513–514;
    • transaction, mortgage as 138
  • seller: default 129–130;
    • name, in content of ship sale contract 111–112
  • ship: arrest see arrest of the ship;
  • and boat, distinguished 50;
    • cargo capacity 321–322;
    • class 353–354;
    • defect in the 237, 313, 379, 380, 382;
    • definition see ship definition;
    • delivery of the
    • individualization of 56–58;
    • inspection see ship inspection;
    • legal status of the
    • nationality of the see nationality of the ship;
    • offending
    • registration of see registration of ships;
    • registry 52–54, 108, 111, 138, 142, 143, 145;
    • sale contracts see ship sale contracts;
    • speed 354–355;
    • and state, “genuine link” between 63–65;
    • status, termination of 51;
    • title of the 54
  • shipbuilders: liability, exemption and limitation of 98;
    • termination of the contract by 99–101;
    • warranty for defects 96–97;
    • warranty for hidden defects 97–98
  • Shipbuilding Association of Japan (SAJ) 34, 76, 77;
    • classification requirements 80;
    • compulsory modifications in shipbuilding contracts 86;
    • contract price, adjustment of 84;
    • on deadweight capacity 85;
    • description of a ship 79;
    • extension of time due to force majeure clause 92, 93;
    • guarantee specific technical performance standards of the vessel 83;
    • insurance 106;
    • on late delivery 85;
    • modifications to agreed specification 87;
    • potential risks related to transfer of property 103;
    • price escalation clauses 82;
    • rejection of the vessel 91;
    • subcontracting 81;
    • termination of the contract by shipbuilder 100;
    • warranty of quality 95
  • shipbuilding contracts 72–106;
    • comparative note 78;
    • content of see content of shipbuilding contract;
    • contract of sale 76;
    • contract of work 76;
    • formation of 77;
    • history of 73–74;
    • insurance 106;
    • legal nature of 74–76;
    • legal regime of 76–78;
    • security 104–105;
    • ship mortgage 105;
    • termination of see termination of the contract;
    • transfer of risks 105–106;
    • transfer of title 101–103
  • ship definition: Athens Convention 2002 377;
    • CLC Convention 1969 439;
    • Convention on Liability for Collision, 1910 398–399;
    • in international conventions 47–48;
    • in national laws 48–49;
    • purpose of 47;
    • relevance of 45–47
  • ship inspection: actions after 116–117;
    • after signing MOA 115–116;
    • class records inspection 115–116;
    • dry-docking 117–118;
    • physical inspection 116;
    • before signing MOA 114–115;
    • underwater inspection 117
  • ship mortgage 105, 132–150;
  • shipowners: definition of 529;
    • liability see shipowner's liability;see shipowner's liability, limitation of;
    • negligence 403, 519;
    • obligations to demise (bareboat) charter 313
  • shipowner's liability 10–11, 216, 441–442;
    • limitation of see shipowner's liability, limitation of;
    • to third parties 313–314
  • shipowner's liability, limitation of 516–543;
    • amount of 539–541;
    • assessment of 542–543;
    • in civil law, origin of 523–524;
    • claims excepted from limitation 534;
    • claims subject to 533–534;
    • comparative note 536–537;
    • Constitution and distribution of limitation fund 541–542;
    • counterclaims 539;
    • developments in common law 524–525;
    • global 516–519;
    • history of 519–525;
    • IMO Guidelines 538–539;
    • international legal regulation of 525–528;
    • justification of 517–519;
    • loss of the right to limitation 534–536;
    • Middle Ages 521–523;
    • persons entitled to 528–531;
    • rationale for 517–519;
    • ships subject to 532–533;
    • theories on 519–521
  • shipping incidents 379–382, 384, 385
  • Shipsale 22 108, 109, 131;
    • place of delivery of the ship 119;
    • ship inspection 114;
    • underwater inspection of the ship 117
  • ship sale contracts 107–131;
    • accessories 125;
    • bunkers 125–126;
    • buyer's default 129;
    • condition of the ship on delivery see condition of the ship on delivery;
    • content of
    • encumbrances 128–129;
    • governing law 130–131;
    • legal regulation of 108–109;
    • name of the ship, changing 127;
    • nature of 107–108;
    • negotiations 109–110;
    • risk 119–120;
    • seller's default 129–130;
    • spares 125;
    • subject to details 110–111
  • shipwreck 9, 11, 13n64, 73n3, 159, 217, 379, 382, 476, 477, 480–484, 488, 500, 514, 515, 532
  • Singapore law: electronic transport documents 296–297;
    • liability for wrongful arrest 210
  • Singapore Shipsale (“SSF2011”) 108, 109, 131;
    • ship inspection 114;
    • underwater inspection of the ship 117
  • single voyage, voyage charter for 319–349;
  • singularity 293
  • sister ship: arrest of 197–200
  • slot charter 319
  • South Korea: liability of time charterer for collision in 431
  • Spanish law: piercing corporate veil 203
  • Special Circumstance Rule, The 408–410
  • Special Compensation of Protection and Indemnity (SCOPIC) clause 500;
    • salvage award 506
  • speed 84, 354–355;
  • stand-on vessel 417–418
  • statutory liens: and maritime liens, distinguished 153
  • strict liability 10, 210, 212, 213, 217, 220–222, 232, 381, 436, 442, 445–448, 451, 454, 458, 463, 474, 524
  • subcontracting 81–82; see also contracts
  • subject to details: in shipbuilding contracts 73;
    • in ship sale contracts 110–111;
    • and subject to contract, compared 111
  • Supplementary Fund 2003 450
  • technological neutrality, principle of 292
  • termination: of the contract 98–101;
    • of maritime liens, legal effect of 168;
    • rescission of contract by the buyer 98–99;
    • by shipbuilder 99–101;
    • of ship's status 51
  • terrorism 447
  • time bar: carriage of passengers 387–388;
  • time charter 201, 204, 302, 306, 307, 309, 311, 317, 349–368, 430, 431;
    • for collision in East Asian jurisdictions, liability of 430–432;
    • definition of 349;
    • delivery of the vessel 357–358;
    • and demise charter, compared 349;
    • description of a ship 352–356;
    • economic rationale of 351–352;
    • employment and indemnity clause 366–367;
    • off-hire 363–364;
    • payment of hire 362;
    • period of the charter 356–357;
    • redelivery 359–362;
    • signature of bill of lading under 367–368;
    • standard forms of 352;
    • trading area 357;
    • and voyage charter, distinguished 349–351;
    • withdrawal 364–366
  • title of the ship 54
  • Tokyo Maritime Arbitration Commission (“TOMAC”) 130–131
  • tonnage 79–80
  • Torrey Canyon incident of 1967 30
  • total loss: actual 564–565;
  • trading area 357
  • Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS) 414
  • tramp carriage 216
  • transfer of risks 105–106
  • transfer of title: gradual transfer of property 101–102;
    • potential risks related to 103;
    • registration of the ship under construction 102–103
  • transport documents 247–270;
    • bill of lading see bill of lading;
    • carrier's right to insert reservations 259–260;
    • electronic see electronic transport documents;
    • goods carried in containers 265–267;
    • pre-printed clauses, validity of 263–265;
    • reservations related to the condition, legal effect of 261–263
  • trial and testing 89–90
  • TSS see Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS)
  • UK law: electronic transport documents 297–300
  • UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records (MLETR) 291–294;
    • functional equivalence, principle of 292;
    • implementation of 294;
    • right of control 293;
    • technological neutrality, principle of 292;
    • uniqueness 292–293
  • UNCITRAL see United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL)
  • UNCTAD see United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
  • underwater inspection of the ship 117
  • unification of maritime law 41–42
  • uniform character of maritime law 36–37
  • uniqueness 292–293
  • United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL): MTELR see UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records (MLETR);
  • Working Group IV on Electronic Commerce 32
  • United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) 31–32, 135
  • United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG): legal regulation of ship's sale 108
  • United States (US): Coast Guard 60;
    • maritime liens 160;
    • State Department 64;
    • theory on personification of the ship 185–186; see also US law
  • units 244–245
  • US see United States (US)
  • US law: arrest of the ship 188–189, 192;
    • “as is,” definition of 124;
    • “both-to-blame” rule 427–428;
    • electronic transport documents 295–296;
    • liability for wrongful arrest 209;
    • maritime collision 395–396;
    • maritime liens 160;
    • piercing corporate veil 201–202;
    • ship mortgages in 142–143, 155, 164
  • utmost good faith (uberrimae fidei) 557–558;
    • Insurance Act 2015 557–558
  • valuables, liability of 383–384
  • vessels: in any condition of visibility, rules for 410;
    • definition of 487–488;
    • delivery of 357–358;
    • give-way 416–417;
    • guarantee specific technical performance standards of 83;
    • rejection of 90–91;
    • in restricted visibility, rules for 419–420;
    • speed, liquidated damages for 84;
    • stand-on 417–418;
    • without nationality 60–61
  • voyage charter 302, 306, 307, 309, 311, 316–352;
    • agreements 119;
    • berth safety 330–333;
    • cancelling clause 328–329;
    • description of the ship 320–323;
    • deviation 326–328;
    • duty to provide cargo (dead freight) 324;
    • freight 348–349;
    • GENCON 320;
    • kind of cargo 323;
    • laytime 335–347;
    • performance of 324–329;
    • performance of voyage to port of discharge 347–348;
    • port safety 330–333;
    • preliminary voyage to port of loading 325–326;
    • for single voyage 319–349;
    • and time charter, distinguished 349–351;
    • time factor in 333–335;
    • variations of 316–318;
    • withdrawal 328–329
  • warranty: insurance 563–564;
    • of quality 95
  • war risks 446–447
  • waters, salvage in 488–489
  • weather working days (WWD) 343
  • Wisbuy Rules 20
  • withdrawal: time charter 364–366;
  • WWD see weather working days (WWD)

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