i-law

Adjudication in Construction Law

Page 621

Index

Index

  • Abridgment of time
  • Abuse of process
    • beginning adjudication 2.15.2
  • Adjudication
    • beginning 2.1–2.17
    • begun without required leave of the court 6.12.8
    • concurrent adjudications 2.12.4
    • definition 1.1
  • Adjudication notice. See Notice of intention to refer
  • Adjudication scheme for professional negligence claims
    • generally 9.8
  • Adjudicator
    • appointment. See Appointment of adjudicator
    • bias. See Bias
    • communications with the parties 4.9
    • consideration of evidence and law 4.12
    • consideration of evidence under investigative jurisdiction 4.12.1
    • constraints upon adjudicators 4.11.11
    • corporate body 3.1
    • declaration of interest by 3.7
    • declining to consider evidence adjudicator 4.12.2
    • declining to consider late material 4.12.6
    • experience as an advocate 4.11.7
    • failure to inform other party of communications with party 4.9
    • failure to carry out site inspection 4.12.8
    • fees and expenses. See Fees and expenses
    • interest as defence to enforcement 6.16
    • jurisdiction in absence of certificate 10.10.2
    • jurisdiction in relation to conditional payment 10.10
    • not obliged to accept submission of one party or the other 4.11.4
    • obligation to resign 4.5.1
    • obtaining legal advice 4.11.13
    • own knowledge and experience 4.11.6
    • participation in experts’ discussions 4.10.4
    • participation in ‘without prejudice’ negotiations 4.10.1
    • person, must be 3.1
    • use of alternative approach 4.11.3
    • who may act as 3.1
  • Administration
    • effect on adjudication 1.19.1
    • effect on enforcement 6.12.6
  • Administrative receivership
    • effect on enforcement 6.12.5
  • After the event (ATE) insurance
    • in relation to enforcement proceedings 6.35.4
  • Agreed contractual relationship
  • Agreements made under statutory agreements
  • Agreement to widen jurisdiction
  • Alberta
  • Ambit of Dispute
  • Ambush
  • Amec case
  • Ancillary matters
  • Any ground open allowed for defence
  • Appointment of adjudicator
    • contract of appointment 3.3
    • contract with neither party 3.3.3
    • contracts between parties and adjudicators and nominating bodies 3.2.4
    • contractual relationship between adjudicator and parties 3.3.1
    • effect of jurisdictional challenge 3.3.5

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      generally 3.2
    • invalid 3.2.5
    • joint and several liability 3.3.4
    • non-compliance with statutory requirements 3.2.2
    • statutory requirements 3.2.1
    • unilateral appointments 3.3.2
  • Approbation and reprobation
  • Arbitration
    • compared with adjudication 2.13
  • Architectural, design, or surveying work
  • Arising under the contract
  • Assignment
    • as potential defence to enforcement 6.28
  • At any time
    • abuse of process 2.15.2
    • ambush 2.15.5
    • commercial advantage and lever 2.15.3
    • concurrent proceedings 2.15.4
    • ‘kitchen sink’ adjudication 2.15.6
    • meaning of 2.15.1
    • position of adjudicator and enforcement 2.15.7
  • Australia
  • Australian Capital Territory
  • Background to Part II of the 1996 Act
    • generally 1.2
  • Bias
    • adjudicator's communications with parties 4.9
    • adjudicator's participation in ‘without prejudice’ negotiations 4.10.1
    • circumstances giving rise to 4.7.3
    • impartiality in conduct of adjudication 4.8
    • in summary 4.7
    • receipt of evidence during negotiations 4.10.2
    • risk of bias and consequences 4.10.3
    • adjudicator's participation in experts’ discussions 4.10.4
    • submission of ‘without prejudice’ material to adjudicator 4.10.5
    • ‘without prejudice’ negotiations and communications 4.10
  • Bouygues case
    • right question 11.2
  • Bresco v Lonsdale
    • effect on one dispute rule 11.3.9
  • British Columbia
  • Burden of proof in court proceedings
    • effect of adjudicator's decision on 6.39
  • Canada
    • federal jurisdiction 7.6.9
    • generally 7.6
  • Carrying out or arranging for the carrying out of construction operations
    • generally 1.7
  • Centre for Effective Dispute Resolution (CEDR)
    • adjudication rules 9.7.3
  • Certificate
  • Charging orders
    • in enforcement proceedings 6.36.2
  • Claim
    • express rejection of 2.6
    • notification of 2.5
    • withdrawal of 2.10
  • Collateral warranty
    • whether construction contract 1.7.6
  • Commercial advantage and lever
    • in relation to adjudication 2.15.3
  • Communication of Decision
    • decision binding if adjudication agreement not terminated? 5.3.1
    • generally 5.2
    • means of 5.2.2
    • outside time limit 5.4
    • primary objective of decision within time limit 5.4.1
    • principle 5.2.1
    • time limit mandatory? 5.3.2
    • tolerance of delay for a day or two 5.4.2
  • Company voluntary arrangement
    • effect on adjudication 1.19.5
    • effect on enforcement 6.12.4
  • Compromises
  • Concurrent adjudications
  • Concurrent court proceedings
  • Conditional fee agreements (‘CFAs')
    • in relation to enforcement proceedings 6.35.4

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     Conditional payment provisions
    • under the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1966 10.4
    • under the Statutory Scheme 10.7
  • Construction contracts. See also Construction operations
    • agreements made under statutory agreements 1.13.1
    • at common law and under statute 1.5
    • categories of regulated by statute 1.6
    • contract to conduct negotiations 1.7.7
    • contracts and provisions not in writing 1.12
    • development agreements 1.13.4
    • excluded construction contracts and disapplication of Act 1.13
    • finance agreements 1.13.3
    • PFI agreements 1.13.2
    • residential occupiers 1.11.2
    • unregulated contracts 1.11.1
  • Construction Industry Council (CIC)
    • adjudication rules 9.7.4
  • Construction operations
    • architectural, design, or surveying work, providing advice in relation to construction operations 1.10
    • competing constructions as to extent of exemption 1.8.3
    • different operations to a building or structure 1.7.2
    • example of a structure 1.7.3
    • examples of ‘narrow construction’ 1.8.4
    • exempted construction operations 1.8
    • exempted construction operations relating to plant 1.9
    • food and drink 1.8.6
    • future work 1.8.7
    • generally 1.7.1
    • manufacture or delivery to site and installation 1.8.8
    • part of the land 1.7.4
    • power generation 1.8.5
    • test for exemption 1.8.1
  • Construction Supply Chain Payment Charter
  • Consumer Code for Home Builders Adjudication Scheme
    • adjudication 9.9
  • Consumer contracts
    • unfair terms in 1.17
  • Contemporanea expositio est optima et fortissima in lege
    • application to s 108 of Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 11.4.6
  • Contractual adjudication
    • Adjudication scheme for professional negligence claims 9.8
    • American Institute of Architects (AIA) General Conditions 9.12
    • Centre for Effective Dispute Resolution (CEDR) 9.7.3
    • Construction Industry Council (CIC) 9.7.4
    • Consumer Code for Home Builders Adjudication Scheme 9.9
    • Dispute Adjudication Boards 9.10
    • FIDIC Dispute Avoidance/Adjudication Boards 9.11
    • GC works contracts 9.5
    • ICC (ICE) adjudication provisions 9.4
    • IChemE adjudication rules 9.6
    • in Hong Kong 9.13
    • in South Africa 9.14
    • Institutional procedural rules 9.7
    • in the United States 9.12
    • introduction 9.1
    • JCT adjudication provisions 9.2
    • NEC 4 contracts 9.4
    • Technology and Construction Bar Association (TECBAR) 9.7.1
    • Technology and Construction Solicitors’ Association (TECSA) 9.7.2
  • Correction of errors
    • express power under amended legislation 5.9.4
    • jurisdiction and 5.9.3
    • under the unamended legislation 5.9.2
  • Costs in adjudication
    • generally 5.8
    • not recoverable as damages 5.8.3
    • provision that referring party to bear all costs 5.8.4
    • under the amended legislation 5.8.5
    • under unamended legislation 5.8.1, 5.8.2
    • effect of Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Interest) Act 1998 5.8.6
  • Costs on enforcement
    • assessment of brief fees 6.35.6
    • claims consultants 6.35.7
    • conditional fee agreements and after the event insurance 6.35.4
    • deployment of leading counsel 6.35.5
    • factors to be considered 6.36.9
    • fixed costs 6.35.3
    • in adjudication 5.8
    • indemnity costs 6.35.1
    • in enforcement proceedings 6.35
    • offers 6.36.8
  • Cross claims

  • Page 624

     Decision
    • a decision is a ‘decision’ 6.2.3
    • binding if adjudication agreement not terminated? 5.3.1
    • effect of 6.1
    • effect of challenge to validity of 6.2
    • formalities 5.5.1
    • form of 5.5
    • means of communication 5.2.2
    • no lien on 5.6.5
    • no stay for arbitration 6.2.4
    • outside time limit 5.4
    • relevance of planning cases 5.5.6
    • primary objective of decision within time limit 5.4.1
    • principle 5.2.1
    • reasons absent or unintelligible 5.5.4
    • reasons not required 5.5.2
    • reasons to make clear all essential issues decided 5.5.3
    • time for payment need not be specified 5.5.7
    • time limit for 5.1
    • time limit mandatory? 5.3.2
    • tolerance of delay for a day or two 5.4.2
  • Declaration of interest
    • by adjudicator 3.7
    • and natural justice 4.7.1
  • Declining to consider evidence
  • Declining to consider late material
  • Defence
    • any ground open allowed for 4.13.2
    • not addressed by the parties 4.13.8
    • rejection of not a jurisdictional decision 4.13.6
  • Deferment of adjudication
    • non-compliance with statutory requirements 1.16.1
  • Development agreements
  • Discussions between parties
    • effect on existence of dispute 2.7
  • Dispute
    • agreed contractual relationship 4.13.5
    • ambit of 4.13
    • ancillary matters 4.13.4
    • any ground open allowed for defence 4.13.2
    • arising under the contract 2.13
    • concurrent adjudications 2.12.4
    • cross claims 4.13.3
    • defence not addressed by the parties 4.13.8
    • due date for payment, significance of 2.11
    • discussions between parties 2.7
    • effect of Statutory Scheme 2.12.2
    • meaning of ‘a dispute’ 2.12.1
    • more than one dispute 4.3
    • one dispute and only one dispute 11.3.1
    • origin of one dispute rule 11.3.2
    • prevarication and procrastination 2.8
    • rejection of a defence not a jurisdictional decision 4.13.6
    • role of notice of adjudication 4.13.1
    • same or substantially the same as one previously referred 4.5
    • silence 2.9
    • sustainability of one dispute rule 11.3.8
  • Dispute Adjudication Boards
    • FIDIC Dispute Avoidance/Adjudication Boards 9.11
    • generally 9.10
  • East Coast Model
    • for adjudication in Australia 7.2.3
  • Enforcement
    • abridgement of time 6.6
    • approbation and reprobation 6.32
    • costs 6.36
    • defences to 6.9–23
    • effect of challenge to decision 6.2
    • effect of decision 6.1
    • Europe 6.41
    • ineffective defences to 6.24–6
    • interest 6.34
    • judgment in default 6.7
    • methods of 6.3
    • of judgment 6.37
    • potential defences 6.27–9
    • practice and procedure 6.4
    • service out of the jurisdiction 6.5
    • set-off 6.30
    • severability of decision 6.33
    • stay of execution 6.35
    • summary judgment 6.8
    • waiver, agreement and reservation 6.31
  • England and Wales and Scotland
    • application of statutory provisions 1.3.1
  • Errors
    • express power to correct under amended legislation 5.9.4
    • jurisdiction and correction of 5.9.3
    • right question 5.9.1
  • Evidence
    • consideration of under investigative jurisdiction 4.12.1
    • declining to consider 4.12.2
    • failure to warn of effect of absence of oral evidence 4.12.3
    • receipt of during negotiations 4.10.2
    • summary of position on 4.12.6

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     Excluded construction contracts
    • agreements made under statutory provisions 1.13.1
    • development agreements 1.13.4
    • finance agreements 1.13.3
    • PFI agreements 1.13.2
  • Exempted construction operations
    • architectural, design, or surveying work, providing advice in relation to construction operations 1.10
    • competing constructions as to extent of exemption 1.8.3
    • different operations to a building or structure 1.7.2
    • example of a structure 1.7.3
    • examples of ‘narrow construction’ 1.8.4
    • exempted construction operations 1.8
    • exempted construction operations relating to plant 1.9
    • food and drink 1.8.6
    • generally 1.8
    • need for reform? 1.8.2
    • test for exemption 1.8.1
  • Extensions of time and damages for delay
  • Fees and expenses
    • of adjudicator 5.6
    • contractual entitlement between appointee and parties 5.6.1
    • disputes as to 5.6.4
    • hourly rates, time spent and unnecessary work 5.6.3
    • no lien on decision 5.6.5
    • reasonableness of 5.6.2
    • fees to be paid as to a previous adjudication 5.6.6
  • FIDIC
    • Dispute Avoidance/Adjudication Boards 9.11
  • Finance agreements
    • excluded construction contracts 1.13.3
  • Food and drink
    • exempted construction operations 1.8.6
  • Future work
    • exempted construction operations 1.8.7
  • GC Works contracts
    • adjudication provisions 9.5
  • Good faith
  • Hong Kong
    • adjudication in 7.7
  • Human Rights Act
    • potential defence to enforcement 6.27
    • in relation to adjudication 1.18
  • Hybrid contracts
  • ICC contracts
    • adjudication provisions 9.4
  • IChemE contracts
    • adjudication provisions 9.6
  • Insolvency
    • as a defence to enforcement 6.12
    • effect on payment 10.9
    • proceedings 6.4.10
  • Inspection
    • failure to carry out site inspection 4.12.8
  • Insurance
    • claim under Third Partes (Rights against Insurers Act) 1930 6.8.1
    • effect of decision on liability under policy 6.1.3
  • Interest
    • conferring jurisdiction 5.7.2
    • declaration of by adjudicator 3.7
    • and natural justice 4.7.1
    • no implied power to award 5.7.3
    • statutory provisions 5.7.1
  • Isle of Man
    • application of legislation 1.3.3
  • Issue estoppel
    • application to adjudication 4.6.3
  • JCT contracts
    • adjudication provisions 9.2
  • Judicial review
    • in relation to adjudication 6.38.6
  • Jurisdiction
    • of adjudicator in relation to conditional payment 10.10
  • Jurisdictional challenge
    • available options 4.2.1
    • effect on adjudicator's appointment 3.3.5
    • investigation and grounds of challenge 4.2.2
  • Kitchen sink
  • Latham, Sir David
  • Law of contract
    • and relevant statutory scheme 1.15.6
  • Lien
    • for fees and expenses 5.6.5
  • Limitation

  • Page 626

     Manufacture or delivery to site and installation
    • exempted construction operations 1.8.8
  • Meeting
  • Malaysia
    • adjudication in 7.5
  • Manitoba
  • Natural justice
    • adjudicator's experience as advocate 4.11.7
    • adjudicator obtaining legal advice 4.11.13
    • adjudicator's own knowledge and experience 4.11.6
    • approaches to two rules 4.11.12
    • basic procedural principles 4.11.1
    • consideration of evidence and law 4.12
    • consideration of evidence under investigative jurisdiction 4.12.1
    • constraints upon adjudicators 4.11.11
    • declining to consider evidence 4.12.2
    • declining to consider late material 4.12.6
    • expressing preliminary view 4.12.9
    • extensions of time 4.5.3
    • failure to ask for further submissions 4.12.13
    • failure to carry out site inspection 4.12.8
    • failure to consider document 4.12.12
    • failure to consider issue 4.12.11
    • failure to hold meeting 4.12.7
    • failure to warn of potential effect of absence of oral evidence 4.12.3
    • failure to warn of potential effect of non-production of documents 4.12.4
    • frolic of adjudicator's own 4.11.8
    • having regard to a provision not relied upon by parties 4.12.10
    • information from other sources 4.11.2
    • necessity for material difference to outcome 4.11.9
    • new issues and information 4.11.5
    • no obligation to accept submission of one party or other 4.11.4
    • ‘splitting the difference’ 4.11.10
    • summary of law in adjudication cases 4.11.8
    • use of alternative approach 4.11.3
    • use of witness statement not received by other party 4.12.14
  • NEC 4 Contracts
    • adjudication provisions 9.3
  • New Brunswick
  • New South Wales
    • adjudication in 7.2.5
    • application of principles 7.2.8
    • relevant principles 7.2.7
    • summary of legislation 7.2.6
  • New Zealand
    • adjudication in 7.3
  • Nikko doctrine
  • Nominating bodies
    • for adjudicators 3.6
  • Northern Ireland
    • application of legislation to 1.3.2
  • Northern Territory
    • adjudication in 7.2.18
  • Notice of intention to refer
  • Nova Scotia
  • Offers
    • and costs on enforcement 6.36.8
  • Ontario
  • Orders for sale
  • Partial compliance with statutory requirements
  • Party
    • wrong, as a defence 6.11
  • Pay now, argue later
    • origin and application 1.2.3
  • Payment
    • adjudicator's jurisdiction in absence of certificate 10.10.2
    • adjudicator's jurisdiction in relation to conditional payment 10.10
    • amount of interim payment 10.5.1
    • certificate a condition precedent 10.10.1
    • certificates 10.1.2
    • conditional payment provisions under the Act 10.4
    • conditional payment provisions under the Statutory Scheme 10.7
    • effect of non-compliance with requirements for payment notices 10.2.3

    • Page 627

      effect of company insolvency 10.9
    • effect of payee's insolvency 10.3.6
    • hybrid contracts 10.2.4
    • payee's notice where no payer's or specified person's notice 10.2.5
    • payer or qualified person to give notice to payee 10.2.1
    • payment in accordance with adjudication decision 10.3.5
    • payment notices under the Act 10.2
    • payment notices and notices of intention to pay less under the Statutory Scheme 10.6
    • payment of notified sum and pay less notices 10.3.2
    • payment of notified sum under the Act 10.3
    • requirements for payment notices 10.2.2
    • requirement for stage payments 10.1.1
    • right to suspend performance for non-payment 10.8
    • significance of due date for 2.8
    • stage payments and dates for payment under the Statutory Scheme 10.5
    • time for payment in decision 5.5.7
    • timing and effect of pay less notices 10.3.3
    • true value adjudication 10.3.4
    • when payment becomes due 10.5.2
    • withholding notices and pay less notices 10.3.1
  • PFI agreements
    • excluded construction contracts 1.13.2
  • Plant
    • exempted construction operations relating to 1.9
    • meaning of 1.9.2
  • Power generation
    • exempted construction operations 1.8.5
  • Prevarication and procrastination
    • difference between 2.8
  • Procedural requirements
    • following appointment of adjudicator 4.1
  • Quebec
  • Queensland
  • Recovery of sums paid
    • and limitation 6.42
  • Referral
  • Referral Notice
    • accompanying documents and contents 3.5
    • contents of and subsequent submissions 3.5.4
    • effect of notice of adjudication 3.5.3
    • effect on jurisdiction 3.5.2
    • limiting length of 3.5.5
    • non-compliance with statutory requirements 3.5.1
  • Repayment on final determination
    • on final determination 6.42.1
  • Republic of Ireland
    • adjudication in 7.1
  • Repudiation of contract
    • effect of on adjudication 2.2.2
  • Reservation of position
  • Res judicata
    • application to adjudication 4.6.1
  • Restraining adjudication
  • Remuneration of adjudicator see Fees and expenses
  • Right question
    • application of Nikko doctrine to adjudication 11.2.1.3
  • Rule 4.90 of Insolvency Rules 1986 (rule 14.25 of Insolvency Rules 2016)
    • as defence to enforcement 6.12.1
  • Rules
    • arising under the contract 11.4
    • only one dispute 11.3
    • right question 11.2
  • Saskatchewan
  • Service out of the jurisdiction
    • for enforcement 6.5
  • Set-off on enforcement
    • contractual right preserved by decision 6.30.5
    • earlier authorities 6.30.1
    • general rule 6.30.3
    • hybrid contracts 6.30.7
    • principles 6.30.2
    • setting off one decision against another 6.30.4
  • Severability of decision
    • analysis of questions referred 6.33.3
    • approach to 6.33.5
    • part of decision outside jurisdiction 6.33.4
    • under TECSA rules 6.33.2
    • where only one dispute 6.33.1
  • Silence
    • in relation to dispute 2.9
  • Singapore
    • adjudication in 7.4

  • Page 628

     ‘Smash and grab’ adjudications
  • South Australia
  • Stage Payments
  • Statutory demand
  • Stay for arbitration
  • Stay of execution on enforcement
    • effect of insolvency 6.35.3
    • offer to provide bond or guarantee 6.35.4
    • relevance of arbitration between parties 6.35.7
    • risk of dissipation 6.35.2
    • successive adjudications 6.35.6
    • relevance of funding 6.35.5
    • successive adjudications 6.35.6
  • Stay of proceedings
    • pending adjudication 6.39
  • Structure
    • different operations to a building or structure 1.7.2
    • example of a structure 1.7.3
  • Summary judgment
    • enforcement of decision 6.8
    • inappropriate? 6.8.2
    • or mandatory injunction on enforcement 6.3.1
    • principles 6.8.1
  • Taking the initiative
    • in ascertaining facts and law 4.11
  • Tasmania
    • adjudication in 7.2.21
  • Technology and Construction Bar Association (TECBAR)
    • adjudication rules 9.7.1
  • Technology and Construction Court
    • concurrent proceedings 6.4.9
    • documents to be lodged 6.4.5
    • enforcement applications 6.4.4
    • issue of claims 6.4.2
    • proceedings in 6.4.1
    • pre-action protocol 6.4.3
    • preparation for hearing 6.4.8
    • time 6.4.7
  • Technology and Construction Solicitors’ Association (TECSA) rules
    • generally 9.7.2
    • severability of decision under 6.32.2
  • Third Parties
    • application of Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 1.20, 2.2.3
  • Time for payment under decision
    • whether needed to be specified 5.5.7
  • Time limit for decision
    • communication outside limit 5.4
    • decision outside limit 5.3
    • extensions of 4.5.3
    • limit for decision 5.1
    • whether limit mandatory 5.3.2
  • True value adjudication
  • ‘Under the contract'
  • Unfair contract terms in consumer contracts
    • adjudication fair 1.17.4
    • imposition of term 1.17.3
    • ineffective defence to enforcement 6.25
    • plain and intelligible language 1.17.5
    • requirement of good faith 1.17.1
    • significant imbalance 1.17.2
  • Victoria
  • Waiver, agreement and reservation of position
    • agreement to widen jurisdiction 6.30.1
    • general reservations 6.30.4
    • in relation to enforcement 6.30
    • participation in adjudication 6.30.2
    • test for agreeing to be bound by decision 6.31.3
  • West Coast Model
    • for adjudication in Australia 7.2.4
  • Western Australia
  • Winding-up petition
    • in relation to enforcement 6.12.7
  • Withdrawal of claim
  • Withholding notices
  • Wrong party
    • as defence to enforcement 6.11

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