i-law

Lloyd's Maritime and Commercial Law Quarterly

BREACH OF CONTRACT AS THE BASIS FOR THIRD-PARTY CLAIMS IN TORT: A FRENCH AFFAIR WITH CROSS-BORDER IMPLICATIONS

Andrew Tetley*

In recent years, France has charted a unique and dramatic course between contractual and tortious liability. A breach of contract, without more, can form the basis for a claim in tort by a third party against the party in contractual breach. When one considers that under French tort law there is neither a threshold requirement to show a duty of care between the third party and the wrongdoer nor any need to show that the third party’s consequent loss and damage was foreseeable, the potential impact of this recent development is clear and startling. With the recent coming into force in Europe of Rome II on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations, this feature of French law risks affecting not only French entities but also entities based elsewhere in the world whose contractual dealings cause harm to third parties in France.

A. INTRODUCTION

After arguing cases in both common law courts and civil law courts, it is impossible not to form views on where the common law traditions and the civil law traditions diverge or, conversely, converge. When writing for an international audience, it is tempting to focus on where there is significant divergence, on the basis that what is new or strange to the reader is likely to be of most interest. The author falls victim to this temptation. The subject of this article is the French approach to tort claims by third parties within a contractual framework. French law allows a third party to make a claim in tort based on a breach ipso facto of contract. The subject is one of general commercial interest, with heightened relevance in Europe since the recent coming into force of the European regulation on the Law Applicable to Non-Contractual Obligations (“Rome II”).1 Under Rome II, the risk of foreign tort laws inserting themselves into hitherto domestic affairs has been significantly increased. Indeed, within Europe, the application of Rome II risks seeing the extreme French law position described in this article applied in surprising ways to defendants and situations both inside and outside of France.


LLOYD’S MARITIME AND COMMERCIAL LAW QUARTERLY

200

The rest of this document is only available to i-law.com online subscribers.

If you are already a subscriber, click Log In button.

Copyright © 2024 Maritime Insights & Intelligence Limited. Maritime Insights & Intelligence Limited is registered in England and Wales with company number 13831625 and address 5th Floor, 10 St Bride Street, London, EC4A 4AD, United Kingdom. Lloyd's List Intelligence is a trading name of Maritime Insights & Intelligence Limited.

Lloyd's is the registered trademark of the Society Incorporated by the Lloyd's Act 1871 by the name of Lloyd's.