5.001 The carrier is often involved as a party, particularly in documentary maritime frauds. Not always, however. There will obviously be no carrier liability if a bill of lading is forged for cargo which does not exist at all, or which falsely represents cargo to have been loaded on board the carrier’s ship, since it will not have been issued by a carrier. Nor, if the bill of lading issued by the carrier is later fraudulently altered,1 will the carrier bear any responsibility for that (assuming that the alteration was not made by a carrier’s agent).