International carriage by air gives rise to a significant amount of international and domestic legal issues, all of which cannot practically be observed in this chapter. And moreover, the issues confronting international air travel are continually changing, as was experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Passengers and consignors of freight and cargo became acutely aware of the inadequacies of consumer protection legislation relating to unprecedented disruption of flights brought about by overnight closure of international borders and other network-related chaos.