Managing Legal Risks in Voyage Charterparties for Autonomous Ships

Raphael Esu

Document

Page 170

INDEX

absolute obligation 10, 39, 41-42, 45, 52–53, 68
algorithmic decision-making 24, 29, 118, 120, 144, 150
artificial intelligence 13, 28, 118, 152;
- architecture and system design 37–38;
- data integrity 133;
- predictive and data-driven capabilities 81, 88, 107, 125
autonomous shipping 7, 16–17, 24–25, 28, 39, 152;
- due diligence and safety 64;
- legal adaptation 68;
- policy development 159;
- stakeholder interests 166; see also Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS)
autonomy 1, 7–11, 14, 28;
- autonomy in shipping 18–20;
- contractual autonomy 75;
- technological and operational autonomy levels 155, 162, 164
bases for risk allocation 96, 98–99, 156
BIMCO 5, 90, 96, 117, 130, 139
burden of proof 44, 46, 53, 57, 76
cargo care 8–9, 11–12, 22, 24, 30–32, 80–87;
- automation and MASS integration 101–103, 149–151;
- cargoworthiness 105–108;
- contractual and risk-allocation responsibilities 89–90, 98–99
cargoworthiness 12, 32, 80, 103–108, 150
causation 121–123, 154
charterparty agreements 2, 7–8, 11–16, 21, 23–25, 27–31;
- adapta bility under MASS 44, 68;
- cargoworthiness and seaworthiness 102–103;
- contractual terms and regulations 57, 80–81, 90, 92, 159;
- cybersecurity and deviation clauses 134, 143–145, 149–150;
- liability 119, 128;
- risk definition and allocation 95–96, 98, 108
classification societies 63, 65–67, 161–165
confidentiality 67, 85, 88, 108, 150;
- adaptation to MASS 90;
- data protection 93–94
contractual variation 53
contractual: liberty clauses 31, 116, 127–128, 139, 141–142
Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG) 160
CONWARTIME 2013 96
customary route 117
cybersecurity 14, 22, 30–32, 37–38, 42, 44, 86, 89;
- cyberattacks 62–66;
- expert response 136, 138, 141;
- frameworks 86, 89;
- risk allocation 129–130, 149–150;
- risks in MASS operations 58, 93, 97–98, 117, 144;
- system integration 164
da ta 12–15, 28–32, 37–38, 76–78, 80–83, 85–93;
- AIS data and maritime safety 153;
- collection and quality 125–127;
- integrity thr ea ts 131–133;
- risk modelling 162–163;
- verification and diagnostics 138–139; see also artificial intelligence; confidentiality; cybersecurity; Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS); risk assessment
deviation 8–9, 12–14, 22–23, 29, 31–32, 79;
- autonomous decision-making 124–125;
- cyberattack-induced deviation 127–136;
- frameworks in MASS 149–151;
- intentional deviation 115–122;
- repairs and reasonable deviation 139, 143–145
due diligence 10, 39–40, 42–45, 52–59, 61, 64–65;
- adaptability 68;
- contractual obligations 99;
- duty of care 158;
- prudent owner test 149
duty to provide a seaworthy ship 40, 51–52, 64, 104

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evidential reasoning 155
exclusion clause 51–52, 56
Hague Rules 51–52, 57, 116, 128
Hague-Visby Rules 43, 51–52, 57, 161
information exchange 11, 80, 93
Inter-Club Agreement (ICA) 92
International Maritime Organisation (IMO) 18, 20
liability 42–47, 50–53, 68, 75, 84, 92;
- AI capabilities 125–128;
- automated systems 98;
- cyber risks 144;
- deviation 118–120;
- industry standards 164–166;
- risk allocation 150–156; see also due diligence; risk allocation
Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) 1, 7, 37, 66, 125;
- challenges 97, 132–133, 143–144;
- charterparty relationships 14–15, 30, 78, 149–150;
- deviation 132–133, 143–144;
- governance 152, 155, 159;
- obligations 53–54, 59;
- sensor integration 82, 85; see also artificial intelligence; autonomous shipping; autonomy
negligence 152
notice 102
NYPE 2015 65 90
operational repairs 144–145, 150
operational risks 97–98, 108
prudent owner test 10, 39, 54, 59–60, 149
risk allocation 14, 18, 21, 98–99, 101, 103;
- charterparty evolution 150;
- criteria and analytical bases 108;
- liability 156
risk assessment 30, 32, 46, 95, 97, 121–122, 139;
- AI-based evaluation 125–126;
- charterparty clauses and operational frameworks 144–145, 149–150;
- cyber risk 129–130;
- methodologies and safety assurance (FMEA, ER) 155
risk definition 96, 98
risk management 12, 20, 32, 43, 63;
- accountability 152;
- context-defined frameworks 80;
- data-driven management 94–95
routing 62–63
safety management 64
Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) 58, 62, 160
seaworthiness 8–11, 22, 24, 29–30, 32, 37–45;
- automation 149;
- autonomy 67–68;
- cargoworthiness 103;
- comparative standards 158, 164–165;
- cybersecurity and digital obligations 63–64;
- due diligence standard 58–60;
- regulatory compliance 151–152;
- technical requirements 78
sensors 1, 19, 29, 37–38, 42, 58;
- automation and algorithmic control 117, 140;
- cargo monitoring 81–82, 95, 99–100;
- data generation and reliability 85, 87–89, 93;
- integration in MASS systems 103;
- navigational monitoring 60–61
software reliability 20, 32
standard of care 45, 54, 61, 64–65, 67, 154
Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW) 65, 160
strict liability 42–45, 53, 68, 127, 151–156
subrogation 64
technical capabilities 85, 89–90, 99, 101, 103, 106–108
transparency 24, 88, 95, 126, 144
unmanned vessels 20, 65, 139
voyage charterparties 9, 16–18, 29, 32, 39, 67–68;
- risk distribution under MASS 157;
- technological adaptation 149
war risks 96, 130, 134, 137
warranties in charterparties 21

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