Unmanned Ships and the Law

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Page 157

Index

accuracy 121
ACTUV see Anti-Submarine Warfare Continuous Trail Unmanned Vessel (ACTUV) program
Advanced Autonomous Waterborne Applications (AAWA) 37
AGI see Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
AI see artificial intelligence (AI)
American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) 38
Anti-Submarine Warfare Continuous Trail Unmanned Vessel (ACTUV) program 39
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) 55
artificial intelligence (AI) 44, 52
algorithms 55–57
concept and definition 53–54
deep learning and machine learning 55
types 54–55
Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI) 55
Athens Convention 6, 7
automated ship 52–53, 65
automatic systems 43, 48
automation 26, 43, 72
categorisation for 51–53
levels/degrees 147–149
automationworthiness 73, 76
Autonomy Assisted Bridge (AAB) 44
autonomy/autonomous 43–44
level of 44–45
scope of 45
Black, C. 10
Brazil 21
Britannica 54
capacity to carry 11–15
capacity to navigate 6, 9, 15–16
cargoworthiness 72, 76–77
carriage 6
carriage of goods 11–13
carriage of passengers 13–15
carrier 119
liability regime 124–125
limitation of liability 129–130
carrier shipowner 69–70
carriers’ liability 129–130
“channelling of liability” 33
Chen, X. 10
chief controller 86, 98
China 21, 35
Chorley, R. S. 10
collision avoidance sensors 53
Committee Maritime International (CMI) 28–31
communicationworthiness 73, 74, 88, 88n5
connectivity manager 59
connectivity system 57
availability 59–60
capacity 60
latency 60–61
redundancy 60
security 61
“Constrained Autonomous” 48
contract 96
control centre (CC): applicable algorithms 88
board a ship 106–107
command post 87
communicationworthiness 88
construction 115
contracting party causes damage to third parties 128
contracting party suffers damage 127–128
controlling 87, 89
data collection 91
entrepreneur 128
governmental agency 105
independent contractor 104–105, 118, 128
on land 99–100
legal/administrative duties 91–93
legal nature 95–97
legal status 94–95, 105
liability regime 125–128
local rules 106
monitoring 87, 89
navigating 90–91
operator 104
organisation 97–99
overview 84–86
principal values/interests 150–152
public entity 118–119
recipient shipowner 118
safety measures 102–103
on sea 101–102
seaworthiness 82–83, 149–150
shipowner 103–104, 117–118
shipowner causes damage to third parties 127
shipowner suffers damage 127
situated on land 106
supervision 87
terminology 86–87
controllers 86
conventional-looking unit 42
“core personnel” 27
Croatia 21
cybernetics 23
data integrity 61
“Decision Support” 48
deep learning 55
distress 62
docking/undocking 26
Doctrine of Stages 78
Dothan, S. 137n3
Earth Station 59
economy 26–27
“e-doc” format 34
existence 121
exoneration from liability 116, 135
The Falco 37–38
fault liability 109
Finferries 37–38
Finland 35
floatability 1
fully autonomous ship 30, 48, 49, 67–68
Giles, O. C. 10
Gilmore, G. 10
“Global Maritime Distress and Safety System” (GMDSS) 58
“GMDSS Satellite Communication Service Providers” (SSP) 58
high-tech communication systems 57–58
connections 62–63
connectivity system 59–61
objectives/purposes 62
organisation 58–59
standards 61
“holistic” approach 35
Hosseinnejad, K. 137n4
Höyhtyä, M. 59
hyper-intelligent software 56
In-House CC 117
insurance 113, 143
direct action against the insurer 153–154
duty of fair presentation of the risk 154–155
parties 152
perils of the sea 144–145
principal values/interests 146–152
insurance certificate 34–35
international carriage of goods: by air 129, 133
by rail 129, 133
by road 129, 133
by sea 130, 134
International Maritime Organisation (IMO) 28–31
International Working Group (IWG) 28
joint liability principle 120
Kennedy, W. R. 10
Kimbell, J. 10
land unit 42–43
Law of Obligations 109
Legal Nature of Liability 113, 114–116
level of autonomy 44–45
by IMO 49–51
by ISO 49
by Lloyd's Register 46–47
by Maritime UK 47–48
by Norwegian Forum 48
liability regime: applicability 113–114
carrier 124–125
contractual relation 117–118
control centre 125–128
exoneration from 116, 135
full and complete redress 109
institutional/organisational relation 117
legal nature and characteristics 112–116
limitation of liability 128–132
loss of right to limit 133–135
in maritime law 110–112
operator 123
owner 120–122
principle 108–109
statutory relation 118–119
subject of liability 119–128
limitation of liability 109, 113, 128–132
carriers 129–130
of shipowners 130–132
unmanned ship operations 132
local authorities 19
machine learning 55
marine adventure 143
Maritime Anonymous Surface Ship (MASS) 2, 17, 29, 30, 31
Maritime Mobile Terminal 59
Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) 28, 29
Maritime Unmanned Navigation through Intelligence Networks (MUNIN) 38–39
MAS400 see Mayflower
MASS see Maritime Anonymous Surface Ship (MASS)
“MASS Code” 35
master, role and responsibility of 31–32
Mayflower 36–37
Meeson, N. 10, 10
mixed contract 97
mobile satellite communication system 58–59
Natural Language Processing (NLP) 54
Norway 35
NOVel Iwt and MARitime transport concepts (NOVIMAR) project 40–41
“operate in the marine environment” 8
operator 119
perils of the sea 144–145
Questions of Liability 33–34
Regulatory Scoping Exercise (RSE) 29, 30, 31
remote control system: monitoring 63
organisation 63–64
power and authority 64–68
remotely controlled ship 30, 52, 66–67
remote operator, role and responsibility of 32–33
remote pilotaging systems 25
robotics 25
Rolls Royce 37–38
Rose, F. D. 10, 10
Safer Vessel with Autonomous Navigation (SVAN) 37
safety: on board 25
on land 25
protection of environment 26
risks 25–26
underlying idea 23–25
safety message 62
SART see Search and Rescue Transponder (SART)
scope of autonomy 45
“sea-going vessel” 8
Sea Hunter 39–40
Search and Rescue Transponder (SART) 58
seaworthiness: carrier shipowner 69–70
concept and definition 70–73
control centre 149–150
with regard to bunkering 78
with regard to documentation 78
with regard to holds 76–77
with regard to loading and discharging 77
with regard to stowage 77–78
with regard to the crew 74–76
with regard to the vessel 73–74
with respect to control centre 82–83
rules 68–69
security 61
self-steering ship 20, 125
“semi-autonomous ship with seafarers on board” 49
service contract 96
service provider 96
service units 86
shipowners’ liability 130–132
ship seaworthy 79
continuous nature of obligation 79–81
to exercise due diligence 81–82
relative nature of obligation 81
“Shore Control Centre” 42
Space Segment 59
SSP see “GMDSS Satellite Communication Service Providers (SSP)”
strict liability 109, 113, 114–116
strong AI 55
superior authority 87, 90, 98
supervisor 98
support group 87
SVAN see Safer Vessel with Autonomous Navigation (SVAN)
Svitzer Hermod 38
Terrestrial Networks 59
tortoise syndrome 12
2002 London Protocol 7
United Kingdom 35
urgency message 62
Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) 35
vessel train concept 40
vicarious liability 108
Visby Rules 5, 75, 134
visibility 121
voyageworthiness 71, 72, 74
Wärtsilä Remote Pilotage Project 41
weak AI 55
Wikipedia 54
Yara Birkeland 35–36, 77

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