Laytime and Demurrage

John Schofield MA

Document

Page 607

Index

Acceptance of notice of readiness 3.351 – 3.383
Actions of port and other authorities 2.285 – 2.289
Adverse weather 4.165 – 4.251
- atmospheric precipitation 4.178
- bees, and 4.174, 4.175
- bore tides 4.224–4.228
- causation, and 4.228
- Conoco clause 4.252–4.257
- evidence 4.258
- exceptions 4.236–4.251
- frost 4.187–4.197
- generally 4.165–4.258
- high winds 4.178
- ice 4.196–4.214
- interruptions 4.230–4.235
- limits 4.177–4.186
- particular types 4.187–4.226
- surf 4.215–4.218
- swell 4.219–4.223
‘‘All time saved’’
- despatch, and 5.106, 7.2, 7.5, 7.19, 7.27, 7.35
Alternative action 4.385 – 4.387
Alternative labour 4.401 – 4.403
Alternative methods of discharge 2.267 – 2.269
Alternative methods of loading/discharge and/or change of berth 4.393 – 4.400
Alternative port 3.13 , 3.554 , 4.388 , 4.475 , 6.81
Altus, The 4.95 – 4.96 , 5.76
‘‘Always accessible’’
- always afloat 3.540
- Baltic Code 2007 3.523
- for how long berth must be accessible 3.524–3.539
- generally 3.498–3.540
- length of time berth be accessible 3.524–3.539
‘‘Always afloat’’ 2.292 – 2.293 , 3.56 , 3.527
- generally 3.540
Anchorage to berth, shifting from
- custom 4.491–4.494
- reachable on arrival 4.495–4.501
- time not to count 4.485–4.490
‘‘Any other cause beyond the control of charterers’’ 4.106 – 4.116 , 4.124 – 4.153
- exceptions clauses, and
  - Principle A cases 4.126–4.142
  - Principle B cases 4.142–4.145
  - Principle C cases 4.146–4.153
- free-standing clause, as 4.106–4.116
- generally 4.124–4.153
Approach voyage, Owners’ obligations 1.65
Arrival at specified destination
- berth charters 3.41 – 3.48
- dock charters 3.49 – 3.57
- generally 3.2 – 3.40 port charters
  - arrival within the port 3.61 – 3.74
  - generally 3.58 – 3.60
  - immediate and effective disposition of the charterer 3.89 – 3.144
Arrived ship 3.1
Arrival within the port 3.61 – 3.74 , 3.107 , 3.371 , 4.484 , 5.123
‘‘As fast as the vessel could deliver’’ 2.266
Asbatankvoy
- and see Exxonvoy
- ‘‘any other cause beyond the control of charterers’’ 4.106
- general exception clause 4.117
- ice clause 4.197
- notice of readiness, and 3.340–3.350
At the immediate and effective disposition of the charterer 3.89 – 3.144
Atmospheric precipitation 4.178
Availability of holds 2.178 – 2.221 , 3.152
Available
- meaning 2.178
Page 608

Available workable hatches
- specified number 2.207–2.221
Averaging
- cases 5.88–5.96
- introduction 5.80 –5.87

Ballasting
- fault of shipowner 4.71–4.72
- interruptions and exceptions to laytime, and 4.74–4.79
Baltic Code 2007
- commencement of laytime always accessible 3.524
- reachable on her arrival 3.524
Baltimore Form C clause
- notice of readiness, and 6.144
- Saturdays, and 4.325–4.330
Bees
- adverse weather, and 4.175
Berth
- definition 3.41–3.48
Berth charters 1.26 , 3.41 – 3.48
- original concept 3.44
- port charter distinguished 3.46
Berth, extension of meaning to include coming alongside another vessel 3.44
Berthing
- in order of arrival 3.41
- when complete 3.41
Bills of lading
- non-production 4.85–4.91
Bills of lading holders inter se, liability of/
- amount each must pay 6.306–6.310
- introduction 6.298
- number of calculations 6.299–6.305
Bimchemvoy
- cancellation of charter, and 3.388
- completion of laytime, and 5.60
- physical readiness to load and discharge, and 3.178
BIMCO calendar
- holidays, and 4.289
Bore tides
- generally 4.224–4.228
Breach of obligation
- fault of shipowner, and 4.67–4.73
Bunkering
- fault of shipowner, and 4.67–4.73

Calendar days 2.6 – 2.14 , 2.18 , 2.73 , 2.93 , 2.132
Cargo
- provision, strikes and 4.362–4.364
Cargo gear breakdown 2.203 , 4.92
Cargo heating 6.158 , 6.164 , 6.166
Cargo operations carried out whilst waiting multiple charters, and 5.154 – 5.158
Cargo provision strikes, and 4.362 – 4.364
Carriage of edible vegetable oils
- commencement of laytime 5.163–5.164
- demurrage 5.165–5.175
- introduction 5.159–5.161
- laytime 5.165–5.175
- nomination of loading and discharging berths 5.162
- squeegeeing and sweeping 5.176–5.177
- transhipment 5.178–5.182
Causation
- strikes, and 4.351–4.452
Centrocon strike clause
- civil commotions 4.427–4.429
- contents
  - first part 4.415–4.432
  - fourth part 4.443–4.444
  - second part 4.433–4.438
  - third part 4.439–4.442
- despatch, and 7.31–7.34
- essential workmen 4.430–4.432
- generally 4.411–4.444
- obstructions beyond control of charterers docks, in 4.410
- railways 4.422, 4.423
- riots 4.427–4.429
- specified causes 4.418–4.423
- stoppages 4.424–4.426
- text 4.412
Cesser clauses
- demurrage, and 6.261–6.266, 6.287
Changes to beginning of laytime
- always accessible 3.498–3.538
- charterer’s duty to enable vessel to
  - become arrived ship 3.424–3.430
  - custom 3.405–3.420
- congestion due to charterers’ other commitments 3.417
- failure to have cargo available or arrangements for discharge 3.414–3.416
- Gencon 94 form 3.492–3.497
- generally 3.402–3.588
- Norgrain charter 3.490, 3.491
- obstacles created by charterer 3.411–3.430
- reachable on arrival 3.498–3.539
- time lost, how counted 3.484–3.487
- time lost in waiting for berth to count as laytime 3.466–3.487
- Page 609
  
  time lost in waiting for berth to count in full 3.488, 3.489
- WIBON 3.431–3.454
- WIPON 3.455–3.465
Changes to port nomination 3.16
Charterer’s duty to enable vessel to become arrived ship 3.424 – 3.430
Charterparty holidays 4.282 – 4.283 , 4.284 , 4.285
Civil commotions
- Centrocon strike clause, and 4.411–4.444
Closing hatches
- interruptions and exceptions to laytime, and 4.80
Colliery guarantee
- generally 2.42–2.45
- to be loaded as per 3.593
Colliery working day 2.42 – 2.45 , 3.594 , 5.7
Commencement of demurrage
- generally 6.141–6.149
Commencement of laytime 1.27
- ‘‘always accessible’’ Baltic Code 3.521
  - generally 3.498–3.540
  - length of time berth be accessible 3.524–3.539
- ‘‘always afloat’’ 3.527
- arrival at specified destination berth charters 3.41–3.48
  - dock charters 3.49–3.57
  - generally 3.2–3.40
  - port charters 3.58–3.145
- berth charters 3.41–3.48
- carriage of edible vegetable oils, and 5.159–5.161
- changes to 3.402–3.592
- conditions 3.1
- dock charters 3.49–3.57
- end of sea passage 3.146–3.147
- end of voyage where intended berth available 3.145
- following invalid notice of readiness 3.328
- Indian cases 3.252–3.258
- notice of readiness 3.259–3.279
- port charters 3.58–3.145
- readiness and readiness 3.384–3.391
- readiness to load and discharge 3.148–3.250
- specified destination 3.2–3.39
- time lapse between readiness and 3.303–3.307
- work before 3.392–3.401
Commencement of laytime Gencon form 3.308
Commencement of obligation to load/discharge
- customary laytime, and 2.245–2.252
Common law
- readiness to load and discharge 3.148
Communications with vessel
- interruptions and exceptions to laytime, and 4.94
Completion of laytime
- cargo remaining 5.44
- delay in provision of ship’s documents 5.73
- delay in signing bills of lading 5.35
- discharging 5.39–5.52
- loading 5.22–5.38
- general points 5.6–5.21
- inactivity by charterer 5.7–5.17
- introduction 5.3–5.5
- liquid cargo 5.53–5.79
Congestion
- customary laytime, and 2.276–2.278
- interruptions and exceptions to laytime, and 4.158–4.163
- strikes, and 4.371–4.384
Conoco clause 4.252 – 4.257
Consequential delay
- strikes, and 4.362, 4.371–4.384
Consignees
- demurrage, and 6.222–6.240
Construction of laytime clauses 1.43 – 1.56
Container demurrage 6.39 – 6.43
- nature of 6.39
Contra proferentem rule 4.5 – 4.12
Contracts of sale
- demurrage, and 6.346–6.358
- readiness to load and discharge, and 3.244–3.248
Conventional days
- fixed laytime, and 2.15–2.18
Correctness of notice of readiness 3.311 – 3.350
Counting time lost waiting for berth 3.484 – 3.487
Crane breakdown 4.92
Custom
- effect 2.234–2.244, 3.405–3.410
- Saturdays 4.305–4.308
- shifting, and 4.480, 4.484
Custom and practice 2.257 , 3.577 , 3.578 , 4.266
- holidays 4.270–4.274
Custom House
- time to commence on being reported at 3.589–3.592
Page 610

Custom of port
- weather working days, and 2.53
Customary despatch
- generally 2.234
- quick 2.302
Customary laytime
- actions of port and other authorities 2.285–2.289
- alternative methods of discharge 2.267–2.269
- as fast as the vessel could deliver 2.266
  - commencement of obligation to load/ discharge 2.245–2.254
  - congestion 2.276–2.278
  - custom 2.234–2.243
  - customary despatch 2.234
  - defective cargo 2.270–2.274
  - definitions 1.21
  - delay due to charterers/shippers/receivers 2.255
  - delay due to other third parties 2.90
  - delay without default of charterers/ shipowners 2.275
  - exceeded 2.300
  - failure to have cargo in readiness 2.261–2.265
  - failure to provide berth on arrival 2.256–2.259
  - generally 2.222–2.107
  - natural phenomena 2.292–2.295
  - provision of defective cargo 2.270–2.274
  - quick despatch 2.302
  - reasonable time 2.222–2.231
  - strikes 2.279–2.284
  - weather 2.292–2.295
Customary laytime charter 1.21 – 1.24 , 2.249 , 2.251 , 2.252 , 2.272 , 2.273 , 3.3 , 3.56 , 3.90 , 3.113 , 4.5 , 6.26 , 6.98 , 8.54 , 8.58
Customary quick despatch 1.24 , 2.302
Customs clearance
- readiness to load and discharge 3.213

Damages
- demurrage, and 6.44–6.80
Days
- calendar days 2.6–2.14, 2.18, 2.73, 2.93, 2.132, 6.110
- colliery days 2.42
- conventional days 2.15–2.18, 2.73, 2.88, 2.150
- meaning 2.19, 2.26
- running days 2.19–2.25
- running working days 2.26, 2.40
- Saturdays 2.94
- weather working days 2.46–2.63
- working days 2.27–2.45
Deadfreight 6.58
Deballasting
- fault of shipowner 4.74–4.79
Default of charterer
- demurrage, and 6.92–6.100
Default of shipowner
- demurrage, and 6.101–6.107
Defective cargo
- Provision 2.270–2.274
Delay
- berthing, after 3.583
- by agreement 8.85
- customary laytime, and
  - alternative methods of discharge 2.267–2.269
  - as fast as the vessel could deliver 2.266
  - congestion 2.276–2.278
  - defective cargo 2.270–2.274
  - due to charterers/shippers/receivers 2.255
  - failure to have cargo in readiness 2.261–2.265
  - failure to provide berth on arrival 2.256–2.260
  - natural phenomena 2.292–2.295
  - port authorities’ actions 2.285–2.289
  - strikes 2.279–2.284
  - third parties 2.290
  - weather 2.292–2.295
  - without default of charterers/ shipowners 2.275
- despatch, and 7.35
- detention, and
  - application of laytime 8.39
  - after arrival at specified destination 8.39–8.50
  - after end of demurrage 8.54–8.55
  - after end of laytime 8.54–8.55
  - before the vessel reaches its specified destination 8.14–8.38
  - by agreement 8.85–8.93
  - during demurrage 8.52
  - during running of demurrage 8.52–8.53
  - during running of laytime 8.39–8.50
- frustration 9.31–9.54
- limits 3.576
Demurrage 6.1 – 6.358
- bills of lading holders inter se 6.298–6.305
- how much must each pay 6.306–6.310
- one or many calculations 6.299–6.305
- carriage of edible vegetable oils, and 5.159–5.161
- Page 611
  
  cases 1.4–1.7
- cesser clauses
  - generally 6.261–6.266
  - waiver 6.287
- charterers as bill of lading holders, and 6.241–6.248
- claims settlement – jurisdiction 6.345
- commencement 6.141–6.149
- compensation for exceeding laytime 1.33
- consignees, and 6.222–6.240
- construction of charter 6.267–6.278
- container 6.39–6.43
- damages in addition generally 6.44–6.80
  - mitigation 6.81–6.91
  - proof of loss 6.81–6.91
- default of charterer 6.92–6.100
- default of shipowner 6.101–6.107
- definition 1.14
- despatch, and 7.3
- deviation, and 6.186–6.198
- development of law 1.1–1.12
- duration 6.21
- effectiveness of a lien 6.279
- end of 6.13, 6.199–6.205
- exception clauses, and 6.108–6.126
- half rate 6.128–6.140
- length of 6.13–6.32
- liability for 6.206–6.336
  - before and after shipment, 6.288–6.293
  - bills of lading holders inter se 6.298
  - charterers as bill of lading holders 6.241–6.248
  - consignees, of 6.223–6.237
  - general principles 6.206–6.213
  - incorporation of charterparty terms
  - into bills of lading 6.214–6.221
  - indorsees 6.222–6.240
  - receivers 6.222–6.240
  - shippers 6.222–6.240
- lien for 6.249–6.286
- master’s right to claim 6.294–6.297
- meaning 6.1–6.12
- mitigation 6.81–6.91
- nature of 6.1–6.12
- notice of readiness 6.141–6.149
- payment 6.33–6.36
- periods of notice 6.141–6.149
- permanent absence from port 6.199–6.205
- proof of loss 6.81–6.91
- provisions in contracts of sale 6.346–6.358
- rate 6.33–6.37
- shifting, and 6.127
- standard definitions 1.12
- storm, and 6.135
- tanker warranties 6.150–6.183
- pumping performance formula 6.184
- temporary absence from port 6.199–6.205
- time bars 6.311–6.329
- time bars – production of documents 6.338
- time of payment 6.331
- waiting time, in respect of 3.582–3.588
- whether notice required where Vessel
  - arrives on demurrage 6.144
  - Worldscale 6.37
Demurrage rate 1.34 – 1.35 , 1.39 , 2.7 , 2.22 , 2.260 , 3.22 , 3.33 – 3.34 , 3.505 , 3.518 , 3.524 , 4.51 , 4.213 , 4.546 , 5.141 , 5.154 , 6.8 , 6.21 , 6.22 , 6.26 , 6.37 , 6.53 , 6.59 , 6.78 , 6.85 , 6.94 , 6.205 , 6.348 , 7.2 , 8.4 , 8.7 , 8.9 , 8.10 , 8.31 , 8.38 , 8.77 – 8.78 , 8.85 – 8.87 , 8.89
Despatch
- ‘‘all time saved’’ 7.5
- Centrocon strike clause 7.31–7.34
- delay after loading or discharging 7.35
- double despatch 7.26–7.30
- frustration, and 9.21–9.30
- generally 7.1–7.17
- later cases 7.18–7.21
- meaning 7.2
- notice provisions 7.22–7.25
- overview 1.34–1.35
- reversing 7.26–7.30
- Voylayrules 7.3
- ‘‘working time saved’’ 7.5
Destruction of ship or cargo
- frustration, and 9.21–9.30
Detention
- delay after arrival at specified destination 8.39–8.50
- delay after end of cargo operations 8.56–8.84
- delay after end of demurrage 8.52–8.54
- delay after end of laytime 8.54–8.55
- delay before the vessel reaches its specified destination 8.14–8.38
- delay by agreement 8.85–8.92
- delay during running of demurrage, 8.52
- delay during running of laytime 8.39–8.50
- exception clauses 8.97
- generally 8.1–8.13
- lien for damages 8.98–8.100
- overview 1.40
Page 612

Deviation
- demurrage, and 6.186–6.198
Discharge
- alternative methods 2.267–2.269
Disconnection of hoses
- completion of laytime, and 5.58–5.63
Division of voyage charter into stages 1.15 – 1.19
Dock
- definition 3.48
Dock charters 1.26 , 3.49 – 3.57
Double despatch
- despatch, and 7.26–7.30

Edible vegetable oils, carriage of commencement of laytime
- demurrage 5.165–5.175
- introduction 5.159–5.161
- laytime 5.165–5.175
- nomination of loading and discharging berths 5.162
- squeegeeing and sweeping 5.176–5.177
- transhipment 5.178–5.182
‘‘Effective disposition of the Charterer’’ 3.58 , 3.89 , 3.127
EIU 2.70 – 2.71
End of laytime see Completion of laytime
End of the sea passage 3.144 , 3.146 – 3.147
End of voyage where intended berth available 3.145
Equipment 3.182 , 3.188 – 3.199 , 4.19 , 4.186 , 6.125 , 6.131 , 6.133 , 6.165
Essential workmen 4.381 , 4.412 , 4.430 – 4.432
Exception clauses
- demurrage, and 6.108–6.126, 8.97
- and events before the charter 4.18
Exceptions to laytime
- general principles 4.13–4.17
- meaning 4.1
Excessive air draft 4.93
Exclusion of fault 4.97 – 4.105
Expenses
- shifting 4.531–4.545
Exxonvoy 84
- and see Asbtankvoy
- arrival at specified destination, and 3.27
- completion of laytime, and 5.56
- notice of readiness 3.277
- ice, and 4.196
- lightening 4.559, 4.562
Exxonvoy 84 change of destination clause 3.27

Failure to have cargo in readiness
- customary laytime, and 2.261–2.265
Failure to provide berth on arrival
- customary laytime, and 2.256–2.260
Fault
- exclusion 4.97–4.105
- meaning 4.32–4.50
Fault of shipowner
- alleged cargo damage 4.37–4.39
- application of principle 4.21–4.23
- ballasting 4.74–4.79
- breach of contract 4.38–4.40
- breach of obligation 4.30
- bunkering 4.67–4.72
- cargo contamination 4.48
- closing hatches 4.80
- communications with vessel 4.94
- consignees, and 4.53–4.57
- deballasting 4.74–4.79
- demurrage and cargo damage/delays on voyage 4.51–4.52
- fault 4.29–4.50
- joint nature of loading and discharging 4.60
- intent defect 4.44
- opening hatches 4.80
- payment of port dues 4.83
- seal inspections 4.81
- speed claims in voyage charters 4.27–4.28
- stevedores, and 4.63–4.66
- whose fault 4.53–4.66
Fixed laytime
- absolute liability calendar days 2.6–2.14
- colliery working days 2.42–2.45
- conventional days 2.15–2.17
- definitions 1.22
- generally 2.1–2.157
- interruptions and exceptions to laytime, and 4.3
- Mabon’s day 2.45
- overview 1.22, 1.25
- rate per hatch
  - Charterparty Laytime Definitions 2.184
  - generally 2.177–2.184
- rate per hook 2.187–2.190
- rate per (available) working hatch availability of holds 2.178
  - rate per hatch 2.179–2.183
  - rate per hook 2.187–2.190
  - specified number of available working hatches 2.207–2.221
  - total daily rate 2.191–2.206
  - reference to rates of working cargo
  - Page 613
    
    introduction 2.159
  - rate per working hatch 2.160–2.177
  - total daily rate 2.191–2.206
- running days
  - generally 2.19–2.25
  - ‘‘weather permitting’’ 2.108–2.127
- running hours
  - ‘‘weather permitting’’ 2.108–2.127
- running working days 2.40, 2.41
- Saturdays
  - calculation method A 2.98
  - calculation method B 2.99
  - calculation method C 2.100–2.104
  - introduction 2.94–2.107
- units of time 2.5
- ‘‘weather permitting’’
  - generally 2.108–2.127
  - working days of 24 consecutive hours 2.149
  - working days of 24 hours 2.128
  - working hours 2.128
- weather working days of 24 consecutive hours
  - Charterparty Laytime Definitions 2.156
  - generally 2.156–2.158
- weather working days
  - calculation of weather interruptions 2.72–2.93
  - incomplete days 2.94–2.104
  - Saturdays 2.94–2.104
  - working days
    - colliery working days 2.42–2.45
    - running working days 2.40, 2.41
    - ‘‘weather permitting’’ 2.108–2.127
- working days of 24 hours 2.128
- working hours per working day 2.142–2.148
Flushing the sealine
- interruptions and exceptions to laytime, and 4.95–4.96
Force majeure
- correct approach 4.163
- factors 4.162
- generally 4.162, 4.163
Free pratique and quarantine
- legal readiness to load and discharge, and 3.214–3.231
- meaning 3.224
Frost
- interruptions and exceptions to laytime, and 4.187–4.195
Frustration
- death or incapacity 9.62
- destruction of ship or cargo 9.21–9.30
- by fault of either party 9.64
- generally 9.1–9.20
- illegality where performance required 9.55–9.61
- insured value of vessel and repair cost 9.28
- inordinate delay 9.31–9.54
- Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943 1.64, 9.3, 9.7, 9.67
- overview 1.62
- self-induced 9.64–9.66
- and strikes 9.37
- types 9.14

GAFTA fob contracts
- readiness under 3.390
Gear breakdowns interruptions and exceptions to laytime, and 4.92
Gencon
- Gencon 94 3.492–3.497
- ice clause 4.197
- notice of readiness, and 3.308
- strikes, and 4.445–4.479
  - first paragraph 4.451–4.455
  - interpretation 4.447–4.450
  - second paragraph 4.456–4.466
  - text 4.445
  - third paragraph 4.467–4.478
- waiting for berth, and 3.490–3.497
General exceptions clauses 4.117 – 4.153
- any other cause beyond the control of charterers 4.124–4.153
- strikes and force majeure 4.121–4.123
Good faith 1.57 – 1.60 , 3.172 , 3.180

Half rate demurrage
- generally 6.128–6.140
- storm 6.135–6.140
Hatches
- opening and closing 4.80
Hindrances
- meaning 4.160
Holds
- availability 2.178–2.220
Holidays
- BIMCO calendar 4.286
- causation 4.259
- charterparty 4.275, 4.282–4.283
- common law definition 4.262
- custom and practice, by 4.270–4.274
- ‘‘general or local holidays’’ 4.276, 4.277
- generally 4.259–4.350
- law, by 4.262–4.269
- ‘‘legal holidays’’ 4.278
- ‘‘legal and local holidays’’ 4.284–4.285, 4.321
- Page 614
  
  ‘‘local holidays’’ 4.284, 4.285
- Louisiana 3.292, 4.263, 4.273, 4.309, 4.318
- meaning 4.260–4.261
- ‘‘non-working holidays’’ 4.288
- ‘‘official and local holidays’’ 4.279–4.281
- part day holidays 4.302
- regulations, by 4.262–4.269
- super holidays 4.286–4.287
- types 4.275–4.288
- working days, and 4.290–4.299
Honesty 1.57 – 1.60

Ice
- cargo operations and 4.198–4.204
- effect 4.196
- interruptions and exceptions to laytime, and 4.196–4.205
Ice clauses 4.199 , 4.202 , 4.205 – 4.214
- Asbatankvoy 4.205
- Exxonvoy 84 4.205
- Gencon 4.205
- ‘‘inaccessible’’ 4.205–4.209
- Norgrain 73 4.205
Icebound port 4.206 , 4.210 – 4.211
Illegality
- frustration, and 9.55–9.61
Immediate and effective disposition of the charterers 1.26 , 3.89 , 3.140
‘‘In regular turn’’
- generally 3.562–3.575
‘‘In usual turn’’ 3.562 – 3.575
Inaccessible
- meaning 4.207–4.209
Inactivity by charterer
- completion of laytime, and 5.7–5.17
Incomplete days 2.94 – 2.104
Incorporation of charterparty terms
- demurrage, and 6.206–6.213
Indian cases
- commencement of laytime 3.252–3.258
Indorsees
- demurrage, and 6.222–6.240
Inordinate delay
- frustration, and 9.31–9.54
Interruptions and exceptions to laytime
- adverse weather 4.165–4.243
- Altus, the 4.95, 4.96, 5.76
- ‘‘any other cause beyond the control of charterers’’ 4.106–4.116
- atmospheric precipitation 4.178
- ballasting 4.74–4.79
- bore tides 4.224–4.228
- bunkering 4.67–4.72
- cargo gear breakdowns 4.82
- charterer’s duties 4.15–4.17
- closing hatches 4.80
- communications with vessel 4.94
- congestion 4.159–4.162
- contra proferentem rule 4.5–4.12
- crane breakdowns 4.92
- customary laytime, and 4.4
- deballasting 4.74–4.79
- difference between the two 4.6
- exclusion of fault 4.97–4.105
- fault of shipowner 4.21–4.79
- force majeure 4.162, 4.163
- general exceptions clauses 4.117–4.153
- general principles 4.13–4.17
- holidays 4.259–4.350
- meaning 4.1
- non-production of bills of lading 4.85–4.93
- overtime ordered by port authorities 4.154–4.157
- shifting 4.480–4.554
- strikes 4.351–4.479
- working in excepted periods, 4.336–4.350
‘‘Inward passage’’ 3.516 , 4.485 , 4.486

Kolcata/Haldia/Sandheads 3.66

Laws of Oleron 1.8 – 1.10
Lay days
- calculation 2.11, 2.12
Laytime
- cases 1.4–1.7
- construction of clauses 1.42–1.55
- definitions 1.14, Appendix B
- development of law 1.1–1.12
- intentions of parties 1.43–1.55
- once commenced runs continuously 1.30
- single period covering loading and
  - discharging or separate periods 1.33
  - standard definitions 1.12
  - terminology and abbreviations, Appendix C
Laytime as a total daily rate – specified number available workable hatches 2.207 – 2.221
Laytime by reference to rates of working cargo 2.159
Laytime clauses
- principles of construction 1.42
Laytime expressed as a total daily rate 2.191 – 2.206
Page 615

‘‘Legal holidays’’
- interruptions and exceptions to laytime, and 4.278
‘‘Legal and local holidays’’
- interruptions and exceptions to laytime, and 4.284–4.285
Legal readiness to load and discharge
- additional requirements 3.232–3.243
- common law 3.211–3.212
- contracts of sale 3.244–3.248
- customs clearance 3.213
- free pratique and quarantine 3.214–3.231
- generally 3.205–3.210
- implied requirements 3.249–3.251
- the Indian cases 3.252–3.258
Length of delay
- strikes, and see Strikes
Liability for demurrage 1.37 , 2.51 , 2.195 , 4.191 , 5.29 , 6.6 , 6.43 , 6.92 , 6.96 , 6.129 , 6.206 , 6.283 , 8.11
Liability of bills of lading holders inter se 6.298
‘‘Liberty to complete’’ clause
- multiple charters, and see Multiple charters
Lien
- and claims for detention 8.35
- demurrage, and 6.208, 6.215, 6.217, 6.233, 6.247–6.248, 6.249–6.293
- detention, and 8.85–8.95
Lightening
- Exxonvoy 1984 4.567
- generally 4.559–4.575
- time used 4.570–4.575
Limits of delay 3.576
Liner terms
- customary laytime, and 2.222
Liquid cargo
- completion of laytime, and 5.53–5.79
Local custom
- Saturdays, and 4.305–4.309
‘‘Local holidays’’ 4.276 , 4.277
Local law
- Saturdays, and 4.317–4.323
Lock–out of essential workmen
- Centrocon strike clause, and 4.411–4.413
- meaning 4.431
Loss of turn
- commencement of laytime, and 3.562–3.563

Mabon’s day
- colliery working days, and 2.45
Master’s claim
- demurrage, and 6.294–6.297
Mitigation
- demurrage, and 6.81–6.91
Multiple charters
- cargo operations carried out whilst waiting 5.150–5.153
- carriage of edible vegetable oils commencement of laytime 5.159–5.161
  - demurrage 5.165–5.175
  - introduction 5.159–5.161
  - laytime 5.165–5.175
  - nomination of loading and discharging berths 5.162
  - squeegeeing and sweeping 5.176–5.177
  - transhipment 5.178–5.182
- demurrage 5.154–5.158
- ‘‘liberty to complete’’ clause 5.111
- read separately or together 5.114–5.121
- time lost in waiting for berth 5.128–5.149

Natural phenomena
- customary laytime, and 2.292–2.295
New Worldscale 100
- demurrage, and 6.39
Nomination of discharge port 2.26
Nomination of ports – changes 3.16
Non-production of bills of lading
- cargo gear breakdown 4.92
- crane breakdown 4.92
- exceptions 4.87, 4.89
- excessive air draft 4.95
- general principle 4.85
- interruptions and exceptions to laytime, and 4.85–4.93
‘‘Non-working holidays’’
- interruptions and exceptions to laytime, and 4.288
Non-working part of day
- Saturdays, and 4.305
Norgrain charter
- ice clause 4.205
- waiting for berth 3.490–3.491
Notice in advance of arrival 3.296 – 3.302
Notice of Arrival and detention 8.29
Notice of readiness
- acceptance 3.351–3.383
- Asbatankvoy 3.340–3.350
- advance of arrival, in 3.296–3.302
- common law 3.264
- contracts of sale 3.244
- correctness 3.311–3.350
- definition 3.258
- demurrage, and 6.141–6.150
- express provisions 3.277–3.279
- Gencon, and 3.308
- Page 616
  
  generally 3.259–3.383
- implied requirements 3.249–3.251
- Indian cases, the 3.252–3.258
- legal readiness 3.205–3.210
- notice given before commencement due to laytime 3.309–3.310
- notice in advance of arrival 3.296–3.302
- physical readiness 3.154
- premature 3.288
- rejection after acceptance 3.366
- tender of notice in excepted periods 3.291–3.295
- tender of notice in office hours 3.280–3.290
- tendered outside permitted hours 3.287
- time lapse between readiness and commencement of laytime 3.303–3.307
- waiver 3.336
- when and how to be given 3.263
Notice of readiness sent by radio 3.279

Obligation to load/discharge
- commencement 2.245–2.254
Obstacle, nature of 3.545 – 3.546 , 3.549 – 3.552
Obstructions
- Centrocon strike clause, and docks, in 4.411–4.419
- loading places, in 4.418–4.419
- meaning 4.160
- railways, on 4.422–4.423
‘‘Official and local holidays’’
- interruptions and exceptions to laytime, and 4.279–4.281
Oleron, laws of 1.8
Once on demurrage, always on demurrage 1.36 , 4.122 , 5.3 , 6.108 , 6.115 , 6.202
Opening hatches
- fault of shipowner, and 4.79
Opening and closing of hatches 4.80
Overstowed cargo
- physical readiness to load and discharge, and 3.184–3.187
Overtime
- ordered by port authorities 4.154–4.157
- Saturdays 4.305

Parker, ‘‘The Parker test’’ 3.58 , 3.118
Part day holidays
- interruptions and exceptions to laytime, and 4.302
Payment of demurrage
- generally 6.33 – 6.38
- time 6.331 – 6.344
Payment of port duties
- fault of shipowner, and 4.83
Physical readiness to load and discharge load and discharge equipment 3.154 – 3.204
Port
- limits 3.61–3.65
- meaning 3.82–3.85
Port authorities
- actions of 2.285–2.289
Port charters
- arrival within the port 3.61
- generally 3.58–3.147
- immediate and effective disposition of the charterer 3.89–3.145
- introduction 1.26
Port dues
- payment 4.83
Port, nomination of 3.7
- change of nomination 3.13, 3.15, 3.16, 3.17, 3.25, 3.26, 3.27
- delay due to a failure to nominate 3.32
- distinction between express and implied right to nominate 3.36
Proof of loss
- demurrage, and 6.81–6.91
Provision of cargo
- strikes, and 4.368–4.370
Provision of defective cargo, 2.270 – 2.274
Pumping performance formula 6.184
Pumping warranties 6.152 , 6.159 , 6.167 , 6.168 , 6.172 , 6.178 , 6.184 , 6.185

Quarantine 3.214 – 3.231
- legal readiness to load and discharge, and 3.205–3.258
Quick despatch
- customary laytime, and 1.24, 2.302

Railways
- Centrocon strike clause 4.411
Rate of demurrage
- generally 6.33–6.38
- New Worldscale 6.37
Rate per (available) working hatch 2.178
Rate per hatch 2.179 – 2.183
Rate per hook 2.187 – 2.190
Rate per working hatch 2.160 – 2.177
Rate of working cargo 2.159 – 2.177
Reachable
- meaning 3.493
Reachable on arrival 3.438 , 3.498 – 3.538 , 4.108 , 4.374 , 4.482 , 4.484 , 4.489 ,

Page 617

4.495 – 4.554 , 6.122 , 6.149 , 8.28 , 8.29 , 8.40
- Baltic Code 2007 3.521
- meaning 3.498–3.518
- shifting from anchorage to berth, and 4.481–4.490
Readiness
- GAFTA f.o.b. contracts, under 3.390
Readiness and readiness 3.384 – 3.391
Readiness to load and discharge
- additional requirements 3.232–3.243
- common law 3.211–3.212
- contracts of sale 3.244–3.248
- customs clearance 3.213
- equipment 3.188–3.199
- free pratique 3.214–3.231
- generally 3.148–3.258
- implied requirements 3.249–3.251
- legal readiness 3.214–3.231
- overstowed cargo 3.184–3.187
- physical matters 3.200–3.204
- physical readiness 3.154–3.202
- quarantine 3.214–3.231
- the Indian cases 3.252–3.258
‘‘Reasonable time’’
- customary laytime, and 2.222–2.231
- terms of charterparty 2.296–2.299
Reasonableness 1.57 , 1.62 , 1.63
Receivers
- demurrage, and 6.223–6.237
Reid, ‘‘The Reid test’’ 1.26 , 3.58 , 3.87 , 3.127 , 3.143 , 3.147 , 3.437 , 3.466
Reversing
- cases 5.97–5.107
- despatch, and 7.26–7.30
- introduction 5.80–5.86
Riots
- Centrocon strike clause, and 4.411 – 4.414
Risk
- appointment 1.19
Running days
- generally 2.19–2.25
- ‘‘weather permitting’’ 2.108–2.127
Running hours
- generally 2.26
- ‘‘weather permitting’’ 2.108–2.127
Running working days 2.40

Sandheads clauses 3.70
Saturdays
- Baltimore Form C clause 4.325–4.330
- custom 4.300–4.304
- generally 4.305–4.335
- local law 4.317–4.323
- non-working part of day 4.307
- overtime 4.305
- weather working days, and
  - calculation method A 2.98
  - calculation method B 2.99
  - calculation method C 2.100–2.104
  - introduction 2.94–2.104
- weekend clause 4.331–4.335
Seal inspections
- fault of shipowner 4.81, 4.82
SHEX 2.66 , 2.67
Shifting
- anchorage to berth, from 4.481–4.523
- anchorage outside port, from 4.493, 4.496
- clauses providing for time not to count 4.485–4.490
- custom 4.491–4.492
- demurrage, and 6.128
- enforced 4.531–4.539
- expenses 4.540–4.554
- generally 4.481–4.554
- one berth to another, from 4.524–4.530
- reachable on arrival 4.495–4.501
- time limits of The Laura Prima decision 4.502–4.523
SHINC 2.68 , 2.71 , 4.286 , 4.287
Shippers
- demurrage, and 6.222–6.240
‘‘So near thereto as she may safely get’’
- degree of risk known to exist 3.556–3.557
- frustration, and 3.548
- generally 3.541–3.561
- governing principle 3.533
- how close to intended port the vessel can get 3.568, 3.459
- length of expected delay 3.555
- nature of the obstacle 3.549–3.552
- proportion of cargo loaded/discharged 3.560–3.561
- reasonableness 3.544–3.546
- time spent waiting 3.553–3.554
Specified destination 3.2 – 3.40
Speed claims
- voyage charters, and 4.27–4.28
SSHEX 2.67
Stages of a voyage charter 1.15
Stages of a voyage charter, add and 3.2
Standard laytime definitions 1.12
Statement of Facts, Inconsistencies 1.61
Stevedores
- fault of shipowner, and 4.50, 4.51, 4.56–4.59
Page 618

Storage charges 8.96
Storm
- half rate demurrage, and 6.135–6.140
Strikes
- causation 4.363–4.445
- Centrocon clause 4.411–4.446
- congestion 4.371–4.384
- consequential delays 4.371–4.384
- duty to lessen effect 4.385–4.403
  - alternative action 4.385–4.399
  - alternative cargo 4.389–4.392
  - alternative labour 4.401–4.403
  - alternative methods of loading/ discharge and/or change of berth 4.393–4.400
  - alternative port 4.388
  - length of delay 4.404–4.410
- Gencon clause 4.445–4.479
- generally 2.279–2.284, 4.351–4.479
- meaning 4.353–4.362
- provision of cargo 4.368–4.370
- types of clause 4.364
Super holidays
- interruptions and exceptions to laytime, and 4.286–4.287
Surf
- interruptions and exceptions to laytime, and 4.215–4.218
Swell
- interruptions and exceptions to laytime, and 4.219–4.223

Tanker warranties
- demurrage, and 6.150–6.183
Temporary absence from port
- demurrage, and 6.199–6.205
Tender of notice in excepted periods 3.291 – 3.295
Tender of notice in office hours 3.280 – 3.290
Time lapse between readiness and commencement of laytime 3.303 – 3.307
Time lost in waiting for berth
- calculation of time lost 3.484–3.487
- count as laytime, to 3.466–3.483
- count in full, to 3.488, 3.489
‘‘Time to commence on being reported at the Custom House’’
commencement of laytime, and 3.589 – 3.592
‘‘To be loaded as per colliery guarantee’’
- commencement of laytime, and 3.593–3.594
Torm interim ports clause 3.18
Total daily rate 2.181 , 2.191 – 2.221
- specified number of available workable hatches 2.207–2.221
Transhipment
- carriage of edible vegetable oils, and 5.178–5.182
Turn 3.562

Unavailability 2.178 , 9.63
UU (unless used) 2.69 , 2.135 , 2.142 , 2.143 , 4.337 – 4.341

Vegetable oils, carriage of see Carriage of edible vegetable oils
Vessel absence from the port 6.201
Vessel proceeding direct to berth
- commencement of laytime 3.59
Voyage charters
- stages 1.15–1.19
- division into berth, dock and port charters 1.26
Voylayrules 1993
- commencement of laytime berth 3.41
- free pratique 3.223
- in writing 3.264
- notice of readiness 3.257
- port 3.58
- reachable on her arrival 3.521
  - time lost in waiting for berth to count as laytime 3.466
  - unless sooner commenced 3.401
  - Page 619
    
    weather working days 2.105

Waiting for berth
- Gencon 94 form 3.492
- Norgrain charter 3.490
Waiting time
- demurrage in respect of 3.582
Warping
- interruptions and exceptions to laytime, and 4.555–4.558
Weather
- adverse 4.163–4.243
- customary laytime, and 2.292–2.295
- definition 4.171
- ice and weather working days 4.216
- ice clauses 4.205–4.214
- limits 4.179–4.198
- meaning 4.172, 4.173
- threat of bad weather 4.219
Weather permitting 2.108 – 2.141 , 4.238 , 4.239
Weather interruptions calculation 2.72 – 2.92
Weather working day of 24 hours 2.93
Weather working days 2.46 – 2.156
- calculation of weather interruptions 2.72–2.92
- custom of port, and 2.53
- definition 2.46–2.49
- incomplete days 2.94–2.107
- judicial interpretation 2.52–2.59
- origin of term 2.51
- interruptions to laytime, and 4.216–4.217
- Saturdays 2.94–2.104
  - calculation method A 2.98
  - calculation method B 2.99
  - calculation method C 2.100–2.104
  - introduction 2.93–2.104
- suffixes 2.64–2.71
- Voylayrules 2.105
- weather permitting 2.108–2.141
- working hours per working day 2.142–2.148
Weekend clause 4.331 – 4.335
WIBON
- effect 3.431
- meaning 3.431–3.454
WIPON 3.39 , 3.455 – 3.465 , 3.525
Worldscale 3.30 , 6.37
Work before commencement of laytime 3.392 – 3.401
Working cargo
- rates 2.159–2.177
Working days
- generally 2.27–2.45
- holidays, and 4.290–4.299
- ‘‘weather permitting’’ 2.108–2.127
Working days of 24 consecutive hours
- ‘‘weather permitting’’ 2.149–2.155
Working days of 24 hours
- ‘‘weather permitting’’ 2.128–2.141
Working hours
- ‘‘weather permitting’’ 2.128–2.141
Working hours per working day
- ‘‘weather permitting’’ 2.142–2.148
Working in excepted periods 4.336 – 4.350
- where provided for 4.337–4.342
- where not provided for 4.343–4.350

The rest of this document is only available to i-law.com online subscribers.

If you are already a subscriber, click Log In button.

Laytime and Demurrage

Page 607

Index

Index

Page 608

Page 609

Page 610

Page 611

Page 612

Page 613

Page 614

Page 615

Page 616

Page 617

Page 618

Page 619