Shipping and the Environment
Index
Index
-
A Turtle
- permission to dump oil rig in South Atlantic, 1009
- Abnormally dangerous activities, 240–241, 493, 965
- Access to places of refuge. See Places of refuge for ships
- Access to territorial seas and ports, 905–920
- Acts of God
- Acts of war
- Acts or omissions
- Actual fault or privity. See also Privity and knowledge
- “actual fault”, 792–793
- arrest of ships, 134
- burden of proof, 794
- Civil Liability Convention 1969, 116
- compensation, 116–117
- definition, 792–793
- limitation of liability, 116–117
- Limitation of Liability Convention 1957, 116, 791–794
- masters, 793
- national laws, 794
- non-delegable duty, 793
- P&I Clubs, 116–117
- “pay to be paid”, 116
- “privity”, 793
- ship managers, 792
- Torrey Canyon, 11
- Actual loss, 775
- Admiralty jurisdiction
- Admittance to ports, 584, 758–759, 767–768, 908–913
- Advertisements, OPA–90 claims procedure, 217
- Aegean Captain, 542, 667, 906
-
Aegean Sea, 72–73
- act or omission of claimant, 104–105
- charterers, 637
- criteria for admissibility of claims, background to, 366, 438
- economic loss. See under Economic loss
- employees, 473
- fishing and related industries, claims by, 448, 452, 455, 458
- limit of liability, 1992 Fund, 72
- limitation of liability under 1976 Convention,
- negligence, 104–105, 695
- pilot, contributory negligence of, 104–105, 695
- ports, claims relating to, 469–470
- preventive measures, loss caused by, 390–391
- salvage and related operations, 403–404
- shipping claims related to, 469–470
- social security payments, 474
- special compensation, claimed as cost of preventive measures, 403–404
- tourism, 460, 464
- unlicensed activities, 474
- Agip Abruzzo, 400–402
- Agriculture, effect of oil spill on, 470, 471
- Air pollution
- Al Jaziah 1
- Alambra
- Alcohol testing, 864–865, 1146
-
Alter egos
- affiliates, 658, 663
- Amoco Cadiz, 662–663
- arrest of ships, 657–658
- CERCLA (United States), 660–661, 664–665
- Civil Liability Conventions, 657–658
- companies, 119, 285, 657–665
- continuity of enterprise theory, 664
- costs, 663
- damages, 663–664
- dissolution, 665
- enforcement, 657
- environmental damage, 660–662
- Exxon Valdez, 664
- Fund Conventions, 657–658
- guarantors, 657
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 1996, 285
- insurance, 657
- liability, 657–665
- limitation of liability, 119
- negligence, 663
- parent/subsidiary liability, 658–665
- piercing the corporate veil, 657–665
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 658, 660, 664–665
- partnership, 660
- P&I Clubs, 741
- registered owners, 657–665
- shareholder liability, 660, 663–664
- sister ships, 657
- subsidiaries, 659–660, 663–664
- successor corporations, 664–665
- United States, 658–665
- American Trader
-
Amoco Cadiz, 27–28
- 1984 Protocols, led to, 29
- alter egos, liability of, 662–663
- associated parties, liability of, 662–663
- Civil Liability Conventions
- common law, liability at, 656–657
- economic loss, 430
- fixed costs
- intervention, 903–904
- litigation in United States, summary, 27–28
- managers, liability of, 652–654
- negligence, 112, 657
- operators, liability of, 652–654
- parent company, liability of, 662–663
- salvage
- Amorgos
- Andros Patria, 908–909
- Angling clubs, 471, 472
- Anti-fouling systems, 847–850
- Antonio Gramsci
- Aquacultural stocks, 408, 410, 415, 446–452
- Aquatic invasive species, 887–889
- Arbitration
- Area Contingency Plans, 66, 929, 933, 944–947
- Area exercises, 986–987
- Argana, 1100
- Argo Merchant, 47–48, 514, 858, 931
- Ariadne, 271
- Arrest of ships
- actual fault or privity, 132–133
- alter egos, 658
- burden of proof, 135
- Civil Liability Convention 1969, 131, 132–134
- Civil Liability Convention 1992, 133–134, 135
- conduct, 135
- counter-productive, 131
- Fund Conventions, 132, 133–134
- limitation funds, 132–134
- limitation of liability, 133–135
- Limitation of Liability Convention 1957, 134, 135
- Limitation of Liability Convention 1976, 134
- national laws, 132
- Nissos Amorgos, 136
- P&I Clubs, 136
- public authorities, 136
- release, 134, 135–136
- Seki, 136
- sister, 657
- Wladyslaw Lokietek, 134, 135
- Arvak Ltd, 61
- Asset Conservation Act (United States), 722–725
- Assignment
- Athos I
- Atlantic Empress, 542, 906
- Autopilots, 873–874
- Average. See General average, Particular average
- Averity, 1103
- Bahamas, 1011
- Ballast
- Ballast Water and Sediments Management Convention, 850–853. See also under International rules to prevent pollution
- Ballast water management in US, 887–889
- Baltic Carrier
- Ban Ann, 1088
- Bareboat charters
- Civil Liability Conventions, 629
- clean-up costs, 610
- damages, 610
- Fund Conventions, 629
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention, 629
- indemnities, 629–630, 635, 646–647
- instructions, 630
- insurance, 646–647
- joint and several liability, 610, 646–647
- lender liability, 710–711
- liability, 610, 646–647
- negligence, 615–616
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 192, 610, 646–647
- P&I Clubs, 646–647
- recourse liability, 629–630
- responsible party, 610
- standard forms, 629–630
- strict liability, 610
- Barges, 87–88, 971
- Basel Convention on Transboundary Movements of Waste, 1017–1022. See also Shipment of waste
- civil liability and compensation, 1022
- control of movements between contracting states, 1020–1021
- criminal liability and public law obligations, 1021
- dismantling of vessels, 1030–1049, passim. See also Dismantling of vessels
- movements permissible subject to controls, 1021
- non-compliance with, 1021–1022
- prohibition of movements, 1020
- scope, 1018–1019
- “wastes”, meaning, 1019
- Betelgeuse, 270
- Bilge water
- Birds
- Blue cards, 126
- Blue Lady, 1037–1039
-
Braer, 72–73
- agriculture, effect on, 470–472
- criteria for admissibility of claims, background to, 366, 438
- dispersal of oil, 361
- economic loss. See under Economic loss
- employees, 472–474
- environmental impact studies, funding of, 488–490
- fishing and related industries, claims by, 447–450, 452–456, 472–474
- health, effect on, 357
- Landcatch claim, 442–444, 456–457
- oil spilt, type of, 360
- property damage, 409
- real estate, loss of market value, 409
- recourse against P&I Clubs by IOPC Fund, 731
- salvage and related operations
- tourism promotion, 468
- unlicensed activities, 474–475
- windblown oil spray, 409, 470–472
- Brent Spar, 1008, 1013
- Bridge-to-Bridge Radio Telephone Act 1971 (United States), 877
- Brussels Collision Convention. See Colliding ships
- Brussels Conference 1969, 14–17
- Brussels Conference 1971, 17–18
- Bulk carriers, 89, 255
- Bunker emission clauses, 645–646
- Bunker spills, 255–266. See also Bunkers Convention, Double bottoms
- bulk carriers, 255–256
- bunkering operations, 257–258
- certification, 264–265
- charterers, 260, 261, 619
- Civil Liability Convention 1969, 4, 86, 88, 257
- Civil Liability Convention 1992, 4, 86, 88, 257, 259–261, 262
- clean-up, 372
- clean-up costs, 258, 263
- compulsory insurance, 264–265
- container ships, 255
- Cosco Busan, 256
- costs, 263–264
- dry cargo ships, 255–266
- environmental damage, 256, 261–262
- fishing vessels, 258
- Fund Convention 1971, 4, 257–258
- Fund Convention 1992, 4, 257–258
- general average, 758–759
- hull insurance, see insurance
- insurance
- IOPC Funds, unidentified ship, 145–146
- Iron Baron, 256
- Kure, 255, 618, 619
- limitation of liability, 4, 257, 259, 261, 262–264
- national laws, 263, 266
- negligence, 260
- New Carissa, 255
- non-persistent oil, 96, 257
- “oil”, 95–96, 257
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 266
- parties liable under Convention, 260–261
- persistent oil, 257, 360
- pollution damage, 257, 258, 259–262, 263, 264, 265, 266
- preventive measures, 257, 259, 262, 263–264
- property damage, 258
- public authorities, 263–264
- salvage
- Selendang Ayu, 255
- “ship”, 256, 257
- spills during bunkering operations, 257–258
- strict liability, 258, 259–260, 263, 266
- tankers, 4, 86, 256–258, 259
- technical issues, 263, 360
- threat removal, 257
- unidentified ship, IOPC Funds, 145–146
- United States, 266
- Yinka Folawiyo, 551–552, 558
- Bunkers Convention 2001
- background, 76, 258
- certification, 264
- channelling provisions, absence of, 260–262, 594, 609
- charterers, 262, 609
- compulsory insurance, 264
- geographical scope, 259
- insurer, 264
- judgments, recognition and enforcement, 265
- jurisdiction of courts, 265
- liability
- limitation of liability, 262–264
- claims subject to limitation, 263
- parties liable, 260
- responder immunity, absence of, 260–262, 594
- salvors, 594
- scope of liability, 259
- “ship”, 265
- time limit for claims, 265
- Business interruption, 469
- California
- financial responsibility requirements, 60
- Camp sites, 461
- Canada
- Carbon dioxide emissions, 845–846
- Carbon monoxide, 883, 885
- Cargo. See also Cargo interests
- Cargo interests, 607–649
- clean-up costs, 613
- Civil Liability Convention 1969, 15, 26
- contracts, 614
- costs, 639–642
- CRISTAL, 17, 26
- Florida, 613
- Fund Convention 1971, 18
- IOPC Fund, 145–146, 608
- liability, 608–637
- Limitation of Liability Convention 1957, 16
- negligence, 614–616
- New York, 613–614
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 61, 195, 235, 239, 608, 612, 635
- ownership, 614
- potential liability, 613–614
- recourse liability, 626–637
- response, 639–642
- sale contract terms, 614
- salvage
- enhanced awards, 538
- Funding Agreements, 546, 548
- state law, 613–614
- title, 614
- Carriage by sea
- Castillo de Bellver, 1012
- Castor
- Catastrophe losses, effect on reinsurance of P&I risks, 731
- Causation. See also Proximate cause
- Causes of action
- CERCLA (United States), 47, 55, 59, 303–352
- act of God, 310–311
- act of war, 310–311
- acts or omissions, 310–312
- administrative orders, 322–332, 337, 352
- administrative records, 331–332, 332–335
- alter egos, 660–661, 664–665
- ambient defence, 313
- “arbitrary and capricious” standard, 333–335
- arrangers, 326–327
- bilge water, 347–348
- causation, 339–340
- Certificates of Financial Responsibility, 220
- charterers, 611–612, 629
- chemicals, 349–350
- claim provisions, 336–337
- clean-up costs, 295, 303–304, 308–309, 310, 314–316, 319, 321, 324–329, 335–337
- Clean Water Act (United States), 185, 191, 303
- compliance orders, 329
- consumer products, 320, 322
- contaminated sites, 337–338
- contracts, 312, 318–319
- contribution, 317–319
- costs, 312–313, 315–317, 320, 337
- criminal offences, 314, 330, 351–352, 1137
- damages, 319, 322, 323–324, 327–328, 337, 501–505
- de minimis defence, 313
- declarations, 316–317
- defences, 310–313, 318–319, 327–329, 330
- disposal, 345–346, 351
- economic loss, 416, 430–432
- EE/CA, 308
- endangerment, 324–325, 352
- enforcement, 329–330
- “environment”, 304–307
- Environmental Protection Agency, 305–307, 314–315, 317, 322–324, 325, 326, 328–329, 329–330, 331, 333, 341, 344–352, 721–725
- exclusions, 340–344
- facilities, 319–321, 325–327, 348–349
- financial responsibility, 220–224, 336
- fines, 314, 323–324, 351–352
- generators, 339–340, 346–348, 350–351
- good faith, 327
- government agencies, 318–319
- guarantors, 336
- guidance, 328
- handling, 344
- hazardous and noxious substances, 302–352
- hazardous waste, 338–352
- Hazardous Waste Identification Rule, 350
- indemnities, 319
- information, 314
- injunctions, 352
- inspection, 307, 314
- insurance, 336
- Intervention on the High Seas Act (United States), 330
- joint and several liability, 310, 317
- judicial review, 329–330, 332–335
- legal proceedings, 316–317
- legislative history, 340–341
- lender liability, 712–716, 719–721
- liability, 309–310, 319–322, 325–327, 338–352
- limitation of liability, 320–321, 325–326
- mini-Superfund, 335
- National Contingency Plan, 304–309, 312–313, 316, 932–934, 940, 954–958
- National Priorities List, 306
- natural resources, 309, 319, 337, 501–515, 531–532
- negligence, 337
- oil, 338–352
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 55, 195, 220–221
- operators, 319–321, 338–352
- overview, 303–304
- penalties, 314, 323–324, 328–330, 351–352
- permits, 330
- petroleum exclusion, 340–344
- planning periods, 331
- potentially responsible parties, 321, 324, 329–330, 331, 332, 337
- precautions, 312
- private actions, 430–432
- property damage, 407
- public welfare, 325
- reasonableness, 327–328
- reauthorization, 337–338
- record of decision, 307
- recovery actions, 315–317
- recycling, 345, 346–347, 351
- reform, 337–338
- regulation, 338–352
- relationship to other laws, 335
- “release”, 304–305, 307–308, 309–313, 319–320, 325–326, 328
- remedial actions, 315–316, 332–333, 337
- remedies, 306
- removal action, 307–309, 316, 332–335, 337
- reopener provisions, 315
- reporting, 304
- Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 1976 (United States), 338–352
- response, 304–309, 314–317, 320, 324–326, 331–332, 335–337
- risk assessment, 307–309, 328, 337
- Santa Clara, 333
- SARA (United States), 304, 314–315, 324, 327, 328, 331, 431
- section 106
- orders, 322–330
- secured credits, 719–725
- self-insurance, 336
- settlement, 314–315
- ship management, 656–657
- shipowners, 319–322, 338–352
- ships, 319, 325–327
- site access, 314
- solid waste, 344–346, 349
- standards, 338–352
- state law, 335
- strict liability, 310, 321
- “sufficient cause”, 327–329
- Superfund, 303–304, 308, 317, 319, 323, 329, 336, 337–338
- third parties, 311–312, 319
- threat removal, 307–309
- time limits, 337
- Toxicity Characteristics, 349–350
- transporter provisions, 351
- treatment, 339
- US Coast Guard, 314, 322–323, 330–331, 333
- used oil, 345–350
- waste, 338–352
- Certificates of Financial Responsibility
- Certification. See also Certificates of Financial Responsibility
- bunker spills, 264–265
- Civil Liability Conventions, 125–127
- container packing certificate, 882
- double hulls, alternatives to, 870
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 1996, compulsory insurance, 286
- hazardous and noxious substances, packing, 881
- manning, 864–865
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 864–865
- insurance, 749–750
- International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate, 870, 896
- MARPOL 73/78, 823, 841, 863–864
- Standards, 1053
- vessel response plans, 896
- Charlotte, 792
- Charterers, 607–649. See also Bareboat charters
- acts or omissions, 614–619
- Aegean Sea, 637–638
- assignment, 641, 642
- bunker spills, 619, 794–795, 796
- causation, 635
- CERCLA (United States), 629, 656
- channelling provisions, 628, 652
- charterparty clauses, 643–647
- Civil Liability Conventions, 609, 627–628, 640–641, 643, 646–647, 795–796
- classification societies, 622–623
- clauses, 643–647
- clean-up costs, 610–611
- common law, 615–616
- compensation, 627–628, 641
- consequential loss, 796–797
- contracts, 614, 628–629, 641–642
- contributions, 627, 629, 638
- costs, 640–647
- damages, 627, 641
- defences, 627
- delay, 469–470
- delegation, 610
- due diligence, 622
- employment clause, 635
- environmental damage, 636
- expenses, 640–642
- financial responsibility, 611
- Fund Conventions, 609, 625–626, 627–628, 642
- hazardous and noxious substances, 611, 619, 633–636
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention, 625–626, 640–641, 642, 646–647
- HNS Fund, 628
- inadequate stowage, 619
- indemnities, 627–630, 635–636, 646–647, 648
- inspection, 619–623
- insurance, 622–623, 646–647
- cost of additional, 647
- IOPC Funds, 628, 641, 642
- joint and several liability, 611, 625
- law of individual states, 612–614
- liability, 607–636, 646–647
- liability for waste disposal, 608, 623–625
- limitation of liability, 607, 628, 637–641, 785–803
- negligence, 607, 614–616, 620–622
- negligent choice of carrier, 619–623
- New Jersey, 613
- New York, 613
- OCIMF, 622
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 609–612, 628–629
- oil transfer operations, 619
- “operators”, 610–612
- orders, 635–636
- P&I Clubs, 642, 647, 648
- personal injuries, 616
- potential liability, 612–613
- potentially responsible parties, 629
- pre-emption provisions, 335
- prevention, 638–641, 643
- property damage, 796
- reasonableness, 622
- recourse liability, 608, 626–636, 637
- recovery, 642
- reimbursement, 641, 644
- remedies, 636
- res ipsa loquitur, 619
- response, 639–642
- response measures, 643–644
- responsible parties, 609–610, 628, 647
- safe berths, 630–632
- safe ports, 630–632
- shipowners, 627, 640–641
- state law, 612–613
- stowage, 615, 619
- strict liability, 608–612
- subrogation, 627–628, 629, 641, 642
- substandard vessels, 619–623
- third parties, 616, 628–629, 641
- threat removal, 392
- time charterparties, 610–612, 612–613, 630–636
- TOVALOP, 643
- TOVALOP Charterparty Clause, 643–644
- warranty of entry, 643
- United States, 607, 609–623, 628–629
- unsafe berths, 630–632
- unsafe ports, 630–633
- vetting programmes, 619–623
- vicarious liability, 615
- voyage charterparties, 610–612, 619–623, 630–636
- warranties, 619–623, 630–633
- Charterparty clauses, 643–647
- Charts, 104
- Chemicals
- Civil Liability Conventions 1969 and 1992, 3, 80–136
- act of God. See natural phenomenon
- acts or omissions of claimants, 104–105
- actual fault or privity, 793
- agents of shipowner, liability excluded by, 107–108
- alter egos, 119, 657–658, 791–792
- arrest, 121, 132–136
- background
- bareboat charters, 629
- Brussels Conference 1969, 14–17
- builder, liability not excluded by, 109
- bunker spills, 4, 86, 88, 244–245, 256–258, 263–264
- cases covered by CLC 92 but not by CLC 69, 6
- cases not covered by Conventions, 5–6
- causation, 356–357
- certification, 15, 125–127
- channelling provisions, 107–113
- charterers
- charts, 104
- claims
- admissibility and assessment
- classification societies, 111
- clean-up operations,
- colliding ship, owner of, 109
- collision, 109, 779
- combination carriers, 89–91
- Comité Maritime International,
- compensation
- conduct of owner
- barring limitation
- contamination. See also Environmental damage
- clean-up operations, 375–379
- damage not caused by, 412
- escape or discharge oil,
- fisheries. See also Fishing industry and related industries
- loss or damage, cause of, 356–357
- property damage, 408–409
- technical considerations, 359–363
- water supplies, 452
- corporate veil, 85
- costs of clean-up operations and preventive measures
- criteria for admissibility of claims. See claims, Criteria for admissibility of claims (IOPC Funds)
- default in maintenance of navigational aids. See maintenance of navigational aids definitions, 85–98
- denunciation of CLC 69, 19, 81
- direct action against insurer, 131–132, 749–750
- economic loss. See also Economic loss
- enforcement of judgments, 131–136
- entry into force
- exclusive economic zones, 5, 72, 83, 84, 144
- fault, 15, 98
- financial limits
- fisheries. See under contamination, and also Fishing and related industries
- Fund Conventions, relationship with, 3–4, 17–19, 81–82, 137–138, 144–145
- general average, relationship with, 760, 763, 765
- geographical scope, 5, 72, 83–85
- guarantors, 127, 131–132, 749
- health claims, 357
- incident
- indemnity, insurer’s right of against shipowner, 127–128
- insurance
- insurer. See also insurance
- interim payments, 112, 122–124, 160–164
- International Maritime Organization, 71
- intervention
- IOPC Funds, see IOPC Funds
- joint and several liability, 95
- judgments
- jurisdiction, 15, 112, 128–131
- lender liability, 710–712
- liability, 15, 72, 85, 98
- lights, 104
- Limitation Convention 1976
- limitation funds
- limitation of actions, 128
- limitation of liability
- limitation tonnage
- loss of profit. See also Economic loss
- in revised definition of “pollution damage”, 358
- maintenance of navigational aids, default in, 101–104
- malicious act, 101
- marine environment, claim for damage to,
- admissibility, 480–490
- assessment of damage, 478
- funding of studies, 488–490
- generally, 477–478
- liability other than for “pollution damage”, 106–107
- policy considerations, 479–480
- reinstatement, 362, 478, 487–488
- restoration, 362, 478, 487–488
- studies, funding, 488–490
- technical considerations, 359–363, 472–479
- valuation of damage, 478–479
- mobile offshore units, 91, 243, 248
- natural phenomenon, 99–100
- natural resources. See marine environment
- navigational aids. See maintenance of
- negligence, 102–103, 104–105, 112–113
- occurrence
- oil, definition, 96–98
- oil barges, 87–88
- owner, definition, 85–86
- P&I Clubs, 125, 126, 127–128, 750–751
- parties liable under, 6–7
- persistent oil, definition, 96
- personal injury, 357
- piercing the corporate veil, 85
- pilots, 104, 105, 111, 147
- pollution damage
- port state control, 15, 125
- preventive measures, 15, 72, 84–85, 90, 92, 94, 105–106, 108, 124, 129, 356–357, 371–406
- property damage, 106, 407–412
- Protocol 1976, 113, 121
- Protocol 1984, 29–30, 71
- Protocol 1992, 71–73, 81, 137–138, 482
- proximate cause
- war risks exclusion, 99
- proximity
- public authorities. See also clean-up operations, Clean-up, Clean-up costs
- pure economic loss. See Economic loss
- “pure threat” situation. See incident, pre-spill costs
- ratification, 1992
- Protocol, 72–73
- recognition of judgments, 131–136
- recourse, owner’s rights of, 107, 166
- registered owner, 85–86
- relationship between conventions
- remedies
- revision, 14–15, 31–32
- sale and leaseback, liability of owner, 86
- salvage. See salvors, Salvage
- salvors
- scope of, 82–98
- ship
- ship builders, 109
- ship financiers, 710–712
- ship managers, 651–655
- shipowners
- small tankers, 30, 131
- state immunity, 102, 105
- state-owned ships, 91–92
- status in contracting states, 999–1004
- strict liability, 15, 81, 85, 98
- sunken wrecks
- tankers, 95
- terminal operators, 109
- territorial sea, 5, 83–84
- tonnage, 14, 81
- TOVALOP, 14–15, 26, 30
- transitional period, 71, 131, 383
- two or more ships, 95
- two-tier system, 17–18, 81
- war risks, 99
- warships, 105
- wilful misconduct
- effect on liability of guarantor, 127
- wrecks
- Claims. See also Damages, Legal proceedings
- admissibility, 7, 105–106, 150–151, 358, 364–369, 441
- aggregation, 167–168
- assessment, 7, 355, 358, 364–369
- Civil Liability Convention 1969, 105–106, 112–113, 356–357, 364–365
- Civil Liability Convention 1992, 112–113, 358, 364
- clean-up costs, 355, 358–359, 384
- Clean Water Act (United States), 37–38
- Comité Maritime International, 364, 369
- compensation, 364
- concursus, 226, 289–290
- contingency fees, 365
- conventions, parties not liable under, 6–7
- economic loss, 365, 438–439, 441
- Exxon Valdez, 48
- Fund Convention 1971, 356–357, 364–366
- Fund Convention 1992, 358–359, 364–366
- general average, 763, 765
- guarantors, 364
- guidelines, 364–369
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention, 278–282, 359
- insurance, 364
- international criteria, 366–369
- IOPC Funds, 149–150, 157, 165, 355, 364–368
- legal framework, 355–360
- liability, 355
- loss of image, 51
- national courts, 364–365
- notice, 342
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 53, 55, 216–218
- P&I Clubs, 158
- policy considerations, 365–366
- pollution damage, 365
- procedure, 157–165, 216–218
- reserve for outstanding, 122
- settlement, 365
- technical considerations, 355–363
- uniform system, 364
- United States, 355, 358–359
- Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 368
- Class actions
- Classification societies
- CLC. See Civil Liability Conventions 1969 and 1992
- Clean Air Act (United States), 883–887, 1137–1138
- Clean-up. See also Clean-up costs
- birds, 379
- bulk oil, 378
- bunker spills, 372
- causation, 391
- Civil Liability Conventions, 372, 391–392
- contamination, 390
- “damage”, 392
- dispersants, 376, 377–378
- economic loss, 391
- Exxon Valdez, 379
- Fund Conventions, 372, 391–392
- hazardous and noxious substances, 392
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention, 372, 392
- IOPC Funds, 382, 391
- law and practice, 382–383
- limitation of liability, 24
- loss or damage, 390–391
- onshore operations, 378–379
- offshore operations, 376–378
- P&I Clubs, 382, 733–734
- personal injuries, 391
- pre-existing conditions, 378
- pre-spill costs, 372, 404–406
- preventive measures, 371–372
- public authorities, 372, 376
- publicity, 372, 376
- purpose of measures, 391–392
- reasonableness, 375–383
- recovery of oil at sea, 377
- repairs, 390
- response measures in the United States, 962–963
- restoration, 371, 531
- salvage, 392–404
- shipowners, 379
- ships
- escape from, 379
- technical issues, 362, 372, 376, 378
- threat removal, 392
- Torrey Canyon, 371, 375–376
- transshipment, 392
- United States, 372
- wildlife rehabilitation, 379
- Clean-up costs, 7, 9
- additional, 383–389
- Amoco Cadiz, 27–28
- bareboat charters, 610
- bunker spills, 263
- cargo owners, 613
- CERCLA (United States), 295, 303–304, 308, 310, 314–316, 319, 321, 324–329, 335–337
- charterers, 629
- Civil Liability Convention 1969, 15, 106, 383–386, 388–389, 404–406
- claims, 355, 358–359, 384
- Clean Water Act (United States), 33–35, 37–40
- commercial tensions, 7
- contractors, 373–374, 385
- CRISTAL, 406
- deductions, 389–390
- Deepwater Port Act (United States), 45–46
- definition, 45
- depreciation, 387–388
- economic loss, 371, 373
- equipment, 384, 387–388, 389–390
- expenses, 373, 375, 387, 404
- Exxon Valdez, 48–49
- fines, 1140
- financial responsibility, 61, 219
- fixed, 383–389
- Fund Conventions, 373–375, 383–386, 388–389, 404–406
- general average, 763–764
- Germany, 73
- government authorities, 373, 383–389
- Hazardous and Substances Convention 1996, 375
- incident, 404, 405
- indemnities, 385
- interest groups, 372–375
- IOPC Funds, 373, 383, 388–389
- lender liability, 722
- limitation fund, 373, 375
- limitation of actions, 233
- limitation of liability, 375
- Limitation of Liability Convention 1957, 16
- national laws, 373, 374, 375
- oil companies, 372
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 53–54, 55, 177, 194, 197–203, 207, 211–218, 228, 233
- Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, 214–216
- OPRC Convention 1990, 389
- Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments (United States), 40–41
- overhead, 387, 388–389
- P&I Clubs, 733
- persons entitled to claim, 372–375
- plant, 384, 387–388
- prevention, 385
- US hazardous and noxious substances, 295
- Clean Water Act (United States), 8–9, 20, 21, 23, 32–40, 184–192
- administrative penalties, 189–190
- aquatic invasive species, 887–889
- ballast water management, 887–889
- causation, 177
- causes of discharge, 34, 36
- action, of, 35
- CERCLA, 185, 191, 303
- claims, 37
- clean-up costs, 33–35, 36–37, 39
- criminal offences, 39–40, 187–189, 1131–1137, 1142–1143
- damages, 33–35, 39, 498–501
- defences, 34–36, 39
- enforcement, 191–192
- Environmental Protection Agency, 187, 189
- exclusive economic zones, 302
- financial responsibility, 39–40, 218
- fines, 39, 188–191
- harmful qualities, 185
- hazardous substances, 184–185, 187–188, 191, 295, 301, 302–303
- immunity, 187
- injunctions, 191
- knowledge, 187
- liability, 33–37, 39, 184–185
- limitation of actions, 39
- limitation of liability, 33–34, 37
- masters, 186
- mobile offshore units, 186
- National Contingency Plan, 38, 940, 944–945, 948, 954–957
- natural resources, 34, 185, 302, 498–501, 506–515
- negligence, 38–39, 189–190
- notice, 186–188
- nuisance, 38
- “oil”, 185
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 33, 36, 184–185, 191–192, 203–208, 218, 303
- P&I Clubs, 39
- penalties, 39, 188–191
- pre-emption provisions, 38
- pre-spill costs, 372
- privity and knowledge, 34
- prohibited discharges, 185–186
- property damage, 407
- relationship to other law, 37–38
- reporting, 186–188, 303
- response, 184, 187
- revolving fund, 38–39
- savings clause, 37
- set off, 33
- ships, 186
- “significant harm to the environment”, 188
- state law, 38
- strict liability, 34, 36, 189
- third parties, 34–37, 177, 190
- threats of discharge, 194–192
- US Coast Guard, 187–189, 194
- US hazardous and noxious substances, 295, 301, 302–303
- “vessels”, 186
- wilful misconduct, 189
-
Clémenceau, 1035–1037, 1044
- recycling in the UK, 1042
- CMA Djakarta
- CMI. See Comité Maritime International
- Coal, 275, 636
- Coastal Express, 1012
- Coastal state control, 1062–1067
- Coastal states
- COFR. See Certificates of financial responsibility
- Colliding ships, 667–690
- admissibility of pollution claims
- Agip Abruzzo, collision with Moby Prince, 667. See also Agip Abruzzo
- Atlantic Empress, collision with Aegean Captain, 667. See also Atlantic Empress
- Baltic Carrier, collision with Tern, 669. See also Baltic Carrier
- Collision Convention
- compulsory insurance
- direct rights against insurers, 675
- Estrella Pampeana, collision with Sea Parana, 608, 667
- Ever Decent, collision with Norwegian Dream, 667, 915–916
- Evoikos, collision with Orapin Global, 667. See also Evoikos
- Hebei Spirit, struck by crane barge Samsung No. 1, 667. See also Hebei Spirit
- Independenta, collision with Evrialy, 667. See also Independenta
- innocent cargo rule, 672, 674, 681, 686
- insurance of liabilities, 689–690, 779–781
- liability for claims
- by parties suffering pollution damage
- by owners of colliding ship
- limitation of liability
- Maritime Conventions Act 1911 (UK), 672, 680, 683
- Mont Louis, collision with Olau Britannia, 270, 667
- Nagasaki Spirit, collision with Ocean Blessing, 667. See also Nagasaki Spirit
- parties suffering pollution damage, 668–678
- pollution caused by both ships, 678
- recourse claims by compensation bodies, 688–689
- Running Down Clause (RDC), 689–690, 779–781
- spilling and non-spilling ships, 668–670
- Tarpenbek, collision with Sir Geraint, 669. See also Tarpenbek
- time limits
- Collision Convention. See Colliding ships
- Collision insurance, 779–781
- cargo, 780–781
- Civil Liability Conventions, 779
- contamination of other ship, 781
- costs of pollution preventive measures, 780
- expenses, 779, 781
- general average, 781
- hull insurance, 779–781
- IOPC Funds, subrogation rights arising from, 167
- liability, 779–781
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 193
- pollution
- preventive measures (pollution), 781
- remedies, 779
- Running Down Clause, 779
- shipowners, 780–781
- special compensation, 781
- strict liability for pollution, 779
- third parties, 781
- Combination carriers, 89, 90, 246, 247, 248
- Comité Maritime International (CMI), 12–13
- Civil Liability Convention 1969, 12–13, 14–15
- Colloquium, Genoa (1992), 369
- comparative law study, 369
- Conferences
- details of, 12–13
- Guidelines on Oil Pollution Damage, 364, 369
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 1996, 270
- Maritime Law Associations, 12, 369
- Salvage Convention 1989, 546–547
- York-Antwerp Rules
- Communications equipment, 877
- Companies
- alter egos, 119, 285, 657–665, 741, 791–792, 801
- Civil Liability Conventions
- criminal offences, 1074–1154 passim
- directors, criminal liability, 1075, 1129, 1141–1144
- dissolved, 335, 665
- groups of, 108–109, 652–653
- lender liability, 710–726
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 63
- piercing the corporate veil, 85, 657–665
- single ship, 63, 125, 652, 657, 662, 715
- successors, 664–665
- Compensation. See also Civil Liability Conventions, Damages, Fund Conventions, Interim payments, IOPC Funds, Liability funds, Special compensation
- Amoco Cadiz, 27–28
- calculation, 358
- charterers, 640–641
- Civil Liability Conventions. See under Civil Liability Conventions
- claims, 364
- Comité Maritime International, 369
- economic loss. See Economic loss
- Fund Conventions. See under Fund Conventions
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 1996, 269–293
- intervention, 903
- marine environment, damage to. See Marine environment
- National Contingency Plan, 958
- natural resources, 478
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 32, 55, 62, 68, 197, 198–200, 213, 228–229, 231, 234, 434, 515
- preventive measures, costs, 371–406 passim
- salvage, 536, 604–604. See also Special compensation
- supplementary, 29, 161, 169, 257
- Tanio, 28–29, 154, 360, 438, 461
- Torrey Canyon, 11–12, 269, 270
- workers, 22, 270, 278, 387, 435
- Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act 1980 (United States). See CERCLA
- Compromise. See Settlements
- Conciliation, 903, 999
- Conduct. See also Human error, Wilful misconduct
- Confiscation of ship, 737–738
- P & I cover, 738
- Conflict of laws, 43, 178, 232, 1114–1117, 1121–1124
- Consequential loss
- Constructive total loss, 746, 775, 777, 778
- wrecks and dumping, 989
- Containers
- Contaminated sites, 337
- Contiguous zones
- Continental Shelf
- Contingency fees, 365
- Contingency plans. See also National Contingency Plan
- Contractors
- Contracts. See also Contractors, Privity of contract
- Contributions
- Contributory negligence
- Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships, 847–850
- Convention. See Treaties and conventions
- Cosco Busan, 68–69
- Costs. See Clean-up costs
- alter egos, 663–664
- bunker spills, 263
- cargo interests, 639–643
- CERCLA (United States), 312–313, 315–317, 320, 337
- charterers, 639–647
- common safety, for, 764–767
- economic loss, 440–441
- general average, 755, 764–766, 769–770
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 1996, 272–273
- intervention, 903
- marine property insurance, 753
- National Contingency Plan, 949
- natural resources, 487, 508, 517, 525
- official orders, 733
- OPRC 1990, 925–926
- P&I Clubs, 733
- prevention, 7, 643–647, 755, 798–799
- repairs, 775–776
- response, 639–643
- United States, 973
- salvage, 590
- Salvage Convention 1989, 263
- threat removal, 798
- Crew. See Manning
- Criminal liability, 1073–1154
- air pollution, 1090
- bail
- custodial penalties, restrictions on, 1097–1099
- defendants, 1087
- detention of seafarers
- discharge of garbage, 1089–1090
- discharge of harmful substances in packaged form, 1088–1089
- discharge of noxious liquid substances, 1075, 1083–1084, 1088
- discharge of oil, 1073–1153 passim
- discharge of sewage, 1089
- domestic laws, 1114–1127
passim
- relationship with international law, 1114–1127
- Erika, 1116–1117
- EU Directive on Criminal Sanctions for Ship-source Pollution, 1117–1127
- exclusive economic zone, 1123
- French legislation, 1116–1117
- INTERTANKO case (ECJ), 1122–1127
- MARPOL 1973 Conference records, 1125–1127
- territorial sea, 1124–1127
- UNCLOS, 1114–1127, passim
- dumping of waste, 1090–1091
- Erika, 1116–1117
- EU Directive on Criminal Sanctions for Ship-source Pollution, 1117–1127
- evidence, 1091–1096
- fair treatment of defendants, 1103–1114
- French legislation, 1116–1117
- imprisonment, restrictions on, 1097–1099
- London Dumping Convention 1972, under, 1090
- MARPOL and domestic laws, 1115
- MARPOL Annexes I and II, under, 1075–1088
- MARPOL Annexes III–VI, under, 1088–1090
- national laws. See domestic laws
- penalties, 1096–1103
- aggravating and mitigating factors, 1099–1103
- ability to pay fine, 1102–1103
- action to prevent recurrence, 1101
- amount spilt, 1101
- cause of violation, 1101
- clean-up, 1101
- co-operation with authorities, 1102
- extent of damage, 1101–1102
- guilty plea, 1102
- intent, 1100
- motive, 1100
- onus of proof, 1100
- previous convictions, 1103
- regret expressed, 1102
- response measures, 1099
- custodial penalties, restrictions on, 1097–1099
- false statements, 1098–1099
- imprisonment, restrictions on, 1097–1099
- internal waters, offences in, 1098
- level, 1099–1103
- mitigating factors, 1099–1103, and see aggravating and mitigating factors
- maritime safety issues, 1098
- obstruction of justice, 1098–1099
- types, 1097–1099
- violation of laws other than for prevention of pollution, 1098–1099
- aggravating and mitigating factors, 1099–1103
- regional laws. See domestic laws
- SOLAS, under, 1090
- United States, 1081–1082. See also Criminal liability (United States)
- Criminal liability (United States)
- alcohol testing, 1146
- Assimilated Crimes Act, 1128
- birds, 1130–1131
- casualty investigation, 1144–1145, 1149
- CERCLA (United States), 314, 330, 351, 1137
- civil liability and, 1149
- Clean Water Act (United States), 39–40, 187–189, 1131–1137, 1143
- Coast Guard role in investigations, 1144–1149
- “contiguous zones”, 1132
- corporate officers and directors, 1141–1144
- corporations, 1141–1142
- criminal fines, 1139
- defences, 1130
- Department of Justice, 1127
- directors, 1141–1144
- “discharge of pollutant”, 1132
- drugs, 1142, 1146
- enforcement, 1128, 1146
- evidence, 1144–1149
- Exxon Valdez, 48, 1127, 1129, 1148
- false information, 1136
- Federal Sentencing Guidelines, 1140
- federal statutes, 1129–1145
- fines, 1127, 1130, 1133–1140
- Fifth Amendment, 1147–1148
- formal marine casualty investigations, 1146–1147
- general criminal statutes, 1139
- hazardous and noxious substances, 1135, 1137
- hazardous waste, 351–352
- immunity, 1148–1149
- inspections, 1144–1146, 1151
- ISM Code, 1143–1144
- knowing endangerment, 1134–1135
- knowledge, 1132–1136, 1142
- Law of the Sea Convention, 1128
- legal representation, 1148
- liability, 1141–1144
- loss doubling provision, 1136
- manning, 1147
- Marine Board of Investigation, 1146
- “marine casualty”, 1144
- marine casualty investigations, 1144–1145
- MARPOL, 864, 1138
- Migratory Bird Treaty Act (United States), 1130–1131
- National Pollution Discharge Elimination System, 1131
- natural resources, 1131
- “navigable waters”, 1132
- negligence, 1132–1133, 1148–1149
- notice, 1144–1145
- “ocean”, 1132
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 53, 205, 1128, 1131–1137
- oily water separators, 1149–1154
- Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments (United States), 42
- P&I Club, 1149
- penalties, 1130, 1134–1138, 1144
- “person”, 1132
- “point source”, 1132
- “pollutant”, 1131
- Ports and Waterways Safety Act (United States), 858, 1138
- refuse, 1129–1130
- Refuse Act, 1129–1130
- reporting, 1135–1136
- “responsible corporate officer”, 1142–1143
- Rivers and Harbors Act 1899 (United States), 1129–1130
- SARA (United States), 1137
- self-incrimination, 1147–1148
- Sentencing Reform Act, 1139
- strict liability, 1129, 1130, 1131
- Superfund, 1137
- territorial sea, 1128, 1138
- Thompson memorandum, 1141
- United States, 8, 1127–1154
- US Coast Guard, 1144–1154
- wildlife, 1138
- Criminalization
- CRISTAL, 17
- background, 17
- cargo interests, 17, 26
- Contract, 32
- Cristal Ltd, 31
- extension, 25–26, 30–32, 73–74
- Fund Conventions,
- comparison with, 17
- introduction of, 17
- membership, 17
- negotiations leading to, 27
- OCIMF, 17
- PLATO, 31
- purpose, 17
- revision, 25–26, 30–32
- small tankers, 26
- termination, 73–74
- threat removal measures, 405–406
- tonnage, 31
- TOVALOP, 31–32
- differences between, 17
- TOVALOP Supplement
- Criteria for admissibility of claims (IOPC Funds)
- Crude oil washing, 824, 868
- Crystal Rubino, 1083
- “Damage” (Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 1996), definition, 276–277
- Damage to property. See Property damage
- “Damage to the environment” (Salvage Convention 1989). See also Salvage
- Damages
- alter egos, 663–664
- bareboat charters, 610
- bunker spills, 256, 266
- CERCLA (United States), 319, 322, 323–324, 327, 337, 501–505
- charterers, 627, 641–642
- claims, 357
- Clean Water Act (United States), 33–35, 39–40, 498–501
- contracts, 641–642
- Deepwater Port Act (United States), 46
- definition, 45, 788–789
- double recovery, 515, 531–532
- economic loss, 435
- Exxon Valdez, 48–50
- financial responsibility, 219–220
- Haven, 71
- lender liability, 722
- limitation of actions, 233
- measure of,
- natural resources, 478, 479, 491–505, 510, 515–528, 531–532
- negligence, 236–237
- nuisance, 239
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 53, 54, 177, 193–194, 197–201, 207, 211–212, 214–218, 228, 233, 515–519
- Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, 214–215
- Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments (United States), 40–41
- P&I Clubs, 734–735
- punitive, 235, 734–735
- recourse action by shipowner, 627
- Refuse Act (United States), 183
- state law, 495–496
- Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act (United States), 44
- trespass to land, 240
- United States, 20–21, 24–25, 235, 236–237, 239, 358–359
- Dangerous goods. See also Hazardous and noxious substances
- charterer’s liability, 633
- Darling, Gerald, 543
- De minimis provisions, 313
- Declarations, 316–317
- Deepwater Port Act (United States), 32, 44–46
- class actions, 45
- clean-up costs, 46
- Coast Guard, 45–46
- damages, 45–46
- Deepwater Port Liability Fund, 46
- “deepwater ports”, definition of, 44–45
- defences, 46
- financial responsibility, 46
- fines, 45–46
- joint and several liability, 45
- jurisdiction, 45
- licensing, 45, 46
- limitation of liability, 45, 46
- Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP), 45
- marine environment, 45
- natural resources, 45, 497–498
- negligence, 45–46
- Oil Pollution Act 1990, 44, 193–194, 211–212
- penalties, 45
- privity and knowledge, 45–46
- strict liability, 46
- subrogation, 46
- wilful misconduct, 45, 46
- Delay
- Demise charters. See Bareboat charters
- Department of Homeland Security, 934, 952
- Desalination plants, 407, 408
- Detention of ships
- Director of IOPC Funds. See under IOPC Funds
- Directors, criminal liability, 1141–1144
- Dismantling of vessels, 1026, 1029–1049
- application of Basel Convention, 1031–1045
- Basel guidelines, 1046
- Blue Lady, 1027, 1029, 1033, 1036, 1037–1039
- classification of ship
- Clémenceau, 1035–1037, 1042
- export for disposal, 1039–1041
- “ghost ships”, 1030, 1036, 1042–1045
- hazardous materials remaining on board, 1033–1041
- “hazardous waste”, classification of ship as, 1033–1039
- historical developments, 1029–1031
- import of ships for recycling in OECD states, 1041–1045
- international standards, 1045–1049
- Norway. See Blue Lady
- OECD Decision, 1030–1042, passim
- Otapan, 1026, 1039–1041, 1042
- Otapan principles, 1041
- Sandrien, 1024, 1025, 1031–1032, 1034, 1042
- Sea Beirut, 1032
- “waste”, classification of ship as, 1031–1033
- application of Basel Convention, 1031–1045
- Dispersal, natural, see Dissipation
- Dispersants, use of, 377–378, 958–959, 973
- Dissipation, natural, 295, 359–361
- Dissolved corporations, 665
- Diversion of ships, 470
- Dobrudja, 1100
- Documentary credits, 219, 222
- Documentary sources, 1161–1162
- Dolly
- Domestic laws. See National laws
- Double bottoms. See also Bunker spills, Double hulls
- Double hulls, 829–831
- alternatives, 869–870
- application, 867–868
- benefits, 870
- certification, 870
- definition, 868
- dimensions, 870
- double bottoms, 870
- hydrostatic balancing load, 869
- Intermediate Oil Tight Deck with Double Sides, 869
- International Maritime Organization, 867, 869–870
- lightering, 875, 876
- MARPOL, 870
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 866–870
- segregated ballast tanks, 868
- standards, 866–867
- timetable, 866–869
- US Coast Guard, 866–870
- washing, 868
- Drills, 985–986
- Drugs, 865, 1142, 1146–1147
- Dry cargo vessels, 56, 66, 67, 980
- Due diligence
- Dumping at sea, 989, 1000–1014
- Ecological damage. See Environmental damage
- Economic loss, 415–475
-
Aegean Sea,
- contamination of water supplies, 452
- destruction of shellfish stocks, 447–449
- employees, 473–475
- ferry operators, 464
- fish porters, 455–456
- general principles, 438–440
- government orders, 447–449
- net repairers, 455
- ports, claims relating to, 469–470
- preventive measures, economic loss caused by, 402–404
- price, reduction in, 458
- shipping, effect of oil spill on
- social security payments, 474
- university study, claim reliant on, 441
- unlicensed activities, 474–475
- angling clubs, 471, 472
- agriculture, 470–472
- aquaculture, 415, 446–457
-
Braer
- agriculture, effect on, 470–472
- box manufacturer, 456
- Burra Haaf claims, 449, 450
- commercial decisions, claims resulting from, 452–453
- consequential loss, 471–472
- damage to stocks, 451
- diver, 455
- employees, 472–474
- fish processors, reduced supplies, 453–455
- fish trader, reduced supplies
- general principles, 438
- haulage companies, 456–457
- ice factory, 456
- Landcatch claim, 442–445, 456
- loss of market, 457–458
- marketing campaigns, 458–459
- net makers and repairers, 455
- offal collector, 456
- prices and sales reduction, 457–458
- salmon farms
- smolt suppliers, 442–445, 456
- tourism promotion, 467–469
- unlicensed activities, 474–475
- wild fish, reduced catches, 449–451
- bright line rule, 423, 430
- bunker spills, 797–799
- business interruption, 469–470
- causation, 439, 441
- CERCLA (United States), 416, 430–432
- charterers of ships, 469–470
- civil law, 416, 441–447
- Civil Liability Convention 1969, 105, 113, 440–441, 444
- claims, 357, 365–366, 415, 417, 438–440, 441, 446, 457, 470–472
- clean-up, 372
- clean-up costs, 371
- commercial fishermen in United States, 424–426
- common law, 416–430, 442–446
- compensation, 444
- consequential, 416, 448, 471–472
- contamination, 415, 425, 438–440, 441–446
- contracts, 422, 471
- contributory negligence, 441
- costs, 437, 440–441
- damages, 435
- decided cases, 446–475
- definition, 432
- delay to ships, 469–470
- diversion of shipping, 470
- employees, 459–460, 472–474
-
Erika
- car ferry operators, 464
- causation, 461, 468, 471
- establishments outside polluted area, 462
- marketing campaigns, 440, 459
- measures to correct inaccurate reporting, 468
- reasonableness of costs, 468–469
- millennium party cancelled, 461
- pure economic loss, 368, 454, 461
- salt production, loss of, 471
- “second degree” tourism claims, 368, 442, 462
- tax revenue, loss of, 466, 467
- tour operators, 462
- Exxon Valdez
- false invoices, 475
- ferry operators, 469–470
- fishing and related industries
- aquacultural establishments, 446–449, 451–452, 457–458
- box manufacturer, 456
- buyers, 453–455
- cessation or reduction of activities, 452
- commercial fishermen in United States, 424–426
- contamination of equipment, 452
- contamination of stocks
- contamination of water supplies, 452
- depuration, 447–449
- destruction of stocks, 447, 448–449
- diver, 455
- employees
- equipment, contamination of, 452
- exclusion zones
- false invoices, 475
- feed suppliers, 456
- fish buyers, 453–455
- fish farms, 447–449, 451–452, 457–458
- fish porters, 455
- fish processors
- fish selling agents, 453–455
- fish traders, 453–455
- fishermen, 424–426, 446–452, 457–458
- fishing bans
- fishing industry and related claims, 446–459
- future income, loss of, 451
- government orders, 447–449, 451–452
- harvesting restrictions
- haulage and transport companies, 456–457
- ice factory, 456
- interruption, 451–452
- invoices, 475
- loss of market, 457
- marketing campaigns, 440–441, 458–460
- net makers and repairers, 455
- offal collector, 456
- porters, 455–456
- price reduction, 457
- processors
- proof
- technical issues
- university study, claim reliant on, 441
- technical issues
- public confidence, 447–449
- public perceptions, 363. See also publicity reduced catches, 449–451
- reduced demand for goods or services, 455–457
- reduction in prices and/or sales, 457
- sales reduction, 457
- salmon, farming methods, 447
- sampling, 448–449
- selling agents, 453–455
- slaughter of produce, 447, 448
- smolt suppliers, 442, 456
- stocks, contamination of
- testing, 448
- traders, 453–455
- university study, claim reliant on, 441
- unlicensed activities, 474
- water supplies, contamination of, 452
- wild fish and other sea food, 449–451
- foreseeability, 417, 419, 432
- France, 430
- Fund Conventions, 440–441
- future income, loss of, 451
-
Haven
- criteria for admissibility of claims, background to, 366, 438
- tourism
- beach facilities, operators of, 463
- establishments at uncontaminated locations in polluted area, 461
- establishments outside polluted area, 461–462
- general principles, 460
- hotels, 461
- locations not dependent on, 461
- multiple claims, equal treatment at same locality, 461
- promotion campaigns, 467–469
- retailers, 462
- Savona claims, 461
- “touristic image”, loss of, 467
- travel agents, 463
- yacht flooring fees, 472
- insurance, 437, 472
- interference with contractual claims, 422
- invoices, 475
- IOPC Funds, 437–441, 446–475
- limitation of liability, 431
- Lloyd’s Open Form, 543
- loss of income, 474–475
- loss of market, 457–458
- loss of use or enjoyment, 472
- Louisiana, 435, 436
- marketing, 440–441, 458
- media coverage, adverse effects of, 363, 440–441, 458, 467–469
- miscellaneous types of claim, 470–471
- national courts, 437, 441–446
- national laws, 417–430
- natural resources, 484, 485, 491, 498
- negligence, 237, 417, 422, 429, 435
- nuisance, 435
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 197, 200, 407, 416, 417, 426, 432–434
- Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments (United States), 40
- outline of problems, 415
- physical damage, 416–418, 420, 422–424, 431
- pollution, 424–429
- pollution damage, 437, 442, 444
- ports, 469–470
- prevention, 372, 440–441
- private actions, 430–432
- property damage, 407, 471–472
- proprietary rights, 430, 433
- proximate cause, 433
- proximity, 429, 432, 438, 442–443
- public perceptions, 363. See also publicity
- publicity, 363, 440–441, 457–458, 458–459, 462, 467–469
- pure, 416–419, 423, 429–430, 432, 433, 438, 446
- Robins rule, 420–422, 423, 425, 427, 431–434, 436–437
- Salvage Convention 1989
- “damage to the environment”, 550
-
Sea Empress
- angling clubs, 471, 472
- bed-and-breakfast accommodation, 461
- civil engineering contractor, 471
- exclusion zone, imposition of, 451
- false invoices, 475
- fish processors, 452–453
- fish sales companies, 453–455
- fishing ban
- goods and services, suppliers of, 465–466
- harvesting restrictions, imposition of, 451–452
- haulage companies, 456
- hotels, 461
- ice-cream and frozen foods suppliers, 466
- invoices, 475
- medical practice, 464
- polluted area, tourist establishments outside, 461–462
- postcard manufacturer, 466
- self-catering accommodation, 461
- tourism promotion campaign, 467–469
- tourism, effect on, 460
- transport companies, 456–457
- unlicensed activities, 474–475
- wholesaler, 465
- shipping, 469–470
- social security, 474
- state law, 434–437
- strict liability, 416, 436
- technical issues, 363
- tourism
- beaches, operators of facilities on, 463
- bed-and-breakfast accommodation, 461
- camp sites, 461
- car ferry operators, 464
- cash-and-carry wholesaler, 465
- establishments at uncontaminated locations in polluted areas, 461
- establishments outside polluted area, 461–462
- ferry operators, 464, 470
- general principles, 460
- goods and services, suppliers of, 463–464, 464–466
- hotels, 461–462
- image, loss of, 467
- laundry services, 466
- medical practice, 464
- postcard manufacturer, 466
- promotion campaigns, 467
- public bodies, 466–467
- public perceptions, 363. See also Media reports, Public expectations
- restaurants, 461–462
- retailers, 462–463
- “second degree” claims, 368, 442, 462
- self-catering accommodation, 461
- tax revenue, 466–467
- tour operators, 462
- tourism promotion campaigns, 467
- “touristic image”, loss of, 467
- travel agents, 463
- wholesale suppliers, 465
- traditional principles, 416
- treaties and conventions, 437–475
- United Kingdom, 418–419
- United States, 237, 241, 417, 419–429, 430–437
- unlicensed activities, 474–475
- yachts, 472
-
Aegean Sea,
- Eleni V
- Emergencies. See also Contingency plans
- Emissions, 840–844, 883–887, 1137–1138
- Employees. See also Manning
- Enforcement. See also Enforcement of Judgments alcohol testing, 1146
- alter egos, 657–659
- CERCLA (United States), 315–316, 322–324, 329–330
- Clean Water Act (United States), 191–192
- criminal offences, 1128, 1146
- drug testing, 1146
- hazardous or noxious substances, 879–880, 883
- hazardous waste, 351–352
- MARPOL 73/78, 847, 1051–1071
- pollution prevention, 1051–1071
- Refuse Act (United States), 184
- standards, 1051–1071
- United States, 7–9
- Enforcement of judgments
- Environmental damage. See also Marine environment, Natural resources
- assessment. See Natural resources bunker spills, 255
- compensation. See Marine environment, Natural resources
- “damage to the environment” (Salvage Convention 1989)
- damages. See Natural resources
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 1996
- Ports and Waterways Safety Act (United States), 856
- salvors. See also Salvage
- duties of salvor, 553–554
- duties of shipowner and other parties, 554–555
- efforts to prevent or minimise pollution damage
- compensation outside the law of salvage, 587–590
- remuneration in the law of salvage
- liability for pollution damage, 590–594
- United States
- Tank Vessel Act 1936 (United States), 858
- technical issues, 359–362, 478–479
- Environmental Protection Agency (United States) CERCLA (United States), 307, 314, 315, 322–323, 327–330, 334, 341–342, 345–352, 721–725
- Clean Water Act (United States), 187, 189
- emissions, 884–887
- hazardous and noxious substances, 295
- hazardous waste, 341, 345–349, 352
- lender liability, 721–725
- National Contingency Plan, 932, 934, 940, 944, 947, 953–954, 957–958
- response measures in the United States, 930, 931, 986
- US hazardous and noxious substances, 295
- Equipment, 384, 387–390, 455, 565, 603, 877–878, 976–977
-
Erika
- bibliography, 74
- cargo owner, liability for pollution, 610, 615, 620–621
- changes in law and practice, led to
- Bunkers Convention, 76
- coastal state control, 1065
- EU Directive on Criminal Sanctions for Shipsource Pollution, 1118
- increase in compensation limits, 72, 118, 153
- Maritime Assistance Services (MAS), 894
- measures of disputed validity in international law, 1120
- quality shipping, measures to promote, 1068
- single hull tankers
- Special Coastal Maritime Court, 1083
- STOPIA and TOPIA, 168
- Supplementary Fund, 168
- unilateral measures, 816
- charterer, liability for pollution
- CLC 92 and Fund Convention 1992
- admissibility of claims
- car ferry operators, 464
- causation, 461, 468, 471
- damage to the environment, 487
- marketing campaigns, 440, 459
- millennium party cancelled, 461
- moral damages, 487
- channelling provisions
- claims for compensation, number of, 133, 365, 461
- interim payments, restrictions on, 161
- major oil company, standing last in queue for compensation, 639–640
- maximum amount of compensation date of conversion into national currency, 155
- criminal proceedings
- admissibility of claims
- Erika I, 75
- Erika II, 75, 920
- Erika III, 78, 916, 921
- EU maritime policy, effect on, 79
- EU Waste Framework Directive, liability under, 623
- fair treatment of defendants, 1106–1107
- French courts
- civil law approach, 369, 442
- decisions, 442
- IOPC Fund’s criteria, status, 368, 369
- number of courts competent to deal with pollution claims, 129
- heavy fuel oil, 76, 360
- incident, 74
- major oil company
- Third Intersessional Working Group, 1992 Fund, 75–76, 172
- vetting procedures, 615, 620–621, 624
- waste, disposal, 623
- Escort vessels, 876–877
- Estrella Pampeana
- EU Directive on Criminal Sanctions for Ship-source Pollution, 1117–1127
- European Waste Shipment Regulation, 1024–1026
- Eurysthenes, 741–742
- Ever Decent
- Evoikos
- Exclusive economic zones (EEZ)
- Civil Liability Convention 1992, 5, 72, 84
- Clean Water Act (United States), 302
- establishment, notification, 84
- financial responsibility, 218–219
- fisheries, 181
- Fund Convention 1992, 5, 72, 84, 144
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 1996, 272–273, 280
- intervention, 900–901
- IOPC Funds, 144
- lightering, 876
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 177, 196, 866
- P&I Clubs
- scope of geographical exclusion, United States, 745
- pollution preventive standards
- standards. See above, pollution preventive standards
- state intervention, 900
- transshipment, 876
- United States, 181
- Exercises, 969, 985–988
- Expenses. See also Costs, Clean-up costs, Preventive measures
- charterers, 639–642
- clean-up costs, 372–373, 375, 383, 404
- collision, 779, 780
- general average, 755, 768–770
- limitation funds, 124
- Lloyd’s Open Form 1980, 545
- OPRC 1990, 925–926
- owner’s expenses
- HNS Fund, payable by, 289–290
- IOPC Funds, payable by, 124–125, 375
- Limitation Convention 1976, not ranking as claim against fund, 798–799, 375
- national laws, 375
- ranking as claim against limitation fund Civil Liability Conventions, 124, 373
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 1996, 286
- salvage and related operations, 392–405
- P&I cover, 732–740, 745–746
- Salvage Convention 1989, 402–404, 555, 556, 561–562, 564–565
- shipowner’s. See owner’s expenses
- special compensation, 564–566
- sue and labour, 738–740
- Explosions
- Export controls on waste shipments, 1023–1026
- Extraterritoriality
-
Exxon Valdez, 48–52
- alter ego, 664
- charterers, 639
- clean-up, 379
- clean-up costs, 48–49
- criminal charges, 48, 1127, 1129, 1148
- damages, 48–49
- punitive, 49
- economic loss, 425–426, 427
- fines, 48–49
- habitats, 48
- indigenous people, 48, 49
- inquiries, 51–52
- insurance, 50–51
- legal proceedings, 48–50
- “loss of image” claims, 51, 363
- manning, 873
- marine environment, 48
- National Contingency Plan, 51
- natural resources, 477
- negligence, 1148
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 52–53, 54
- OPRC 1990, 921
- P&I Clubs, 739, 745
- Facilities
- CERCLA (United States), 319–320, 325–327, 348, 349
- definition, 320
- financial responsibility, 219
- hazardous waste, 349
- lender liability, 719–721, 723
- offshore, 193, 219
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 193, 195, 207, 211–212
- OILPOL 54, 822
- OPRC 1990, 922–923
- shore reception, 822
- treatment, storage or disposal, 349
- Fair treatment of defendants, 1103–1114. See also Criminal liability
- False invoices, 475
- Fanti, 751
- Fast Independence, 1059
- Federal Water Pollution Control Act (United States). See Clean Water Act
- Ferries, 464, 469, 470
- Finance. See Ship finance
- Financial responsibility. See also Certificates of Financial Responsibility
- Arvak Ltd, 61
- bunker spills, 266
- California, 60
- CERCLA (United States), 61–62, 220–221, 222–223, 336–337
- charterers, 611, 616, 647
- clean-up costs, 57, 60, 219
- Clean Water Act (United States), 39, 218
- damages, 60, 219
- Deepwater Port Act (United States), 46
- evidence, 221–223, 225
- exclusive economic zones, 218
- Final Rule, 224–225
- fines, 218
- fleet certificates, 224
- guarantors, 219–220, 221–224
- hazardous substances, 220–221
- insurance, 219, 222–223
- Interim Final Rule, 220–223, 224
- jurisdiction, 218
- legal proceedings, 219–220, 223–224
- lender liability, 713
- letters of credit, 219, 222
- navigable waters, 220
- notice, 224
- offshore facilities, 219
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 54, 55–56, 218–225
- operators, 221–222
- Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments (United States), 41, 218
- penalties, 219
- responsible party, 218–220, 224
- self-insurance, 219, 222
- service of process, 224
- shipowners, 221–222
- state law, 46–47
- sureties, 219, 222–223
- tonnage, 221
- Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act (United States), 44, 218
- United States, 21
- US Coast Guard, 222–225
- Financial security. See Arrest, Guarantors, Security
- Fines
- CERCLA (United States), 314, 323–324, 351–352
- clean-up costs, 1140
- Clean Water Act (United States), 39–40, 188–191
- criminal offences, 1128, 1130, 1133–1136, 1137–1139
- Deepwater Port Act (United States), 45
- Federal Sentencing Guidelines, 1140
- financial responsibility, 218
- guidance, 1139–1140
- hazardous waste, 351–352
- loss doubling, 1135
- New York and Other Harbors Deposit of Refuse Prohibition Act 1888 (United States), 182
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 54
- Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, 228
- Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments (United States), 41
- P&I Club cover, 737–738
- Refuse Act (United States), 183
- Sentencing Reform Act 1984 (United States), 1139
- United States, 8–9
- wrecks, 184
- Fires
- Fishing and related industries. See also Fishing vessels
- Aegean Sea, 72–73, 455, 458, 474
- aquacultural establishments, 445–449, 451–452, 457–459
- bans, 451–452, 453–455
- box manufacturer, 456
- Braer, 72, 447–450, 452–459, 470–475
- buyers, 453–455
- cessation or reduction of activities, 452
- Civil Liability Convention, 84
- claims by, 424–426, 446–460
- commercial fishermen in United States, 424–426
- contamination of equipment, 452
- contamination of stocks fish farms, 447
- contamination of water supplies, 452
- criminal offences, 1138
- depuration, 447–449
- destruction of stocks, 447–448
- diver, 455
- economic loss, 415, 424–426, 441, 447–459
- employees, 459–460, 473, 474
- equipment, 452, 455
- exclusion zones
- exclusive economic zones, 181
- Exxon Valdez, 48
- false invoices, 475
- feed suppliers, 456
- fish farms, 446–452, 455–460
- fishermen, 424–426, 446–452, 457–460
- foreseeability, 453
- Fund Convention 1971, 453, 455, 457–458
- future income, loss of, 451
- goods and services, reduced demand for, 455, 456
- government orders, 447–449, 451
- harvesting restrictions
- haulage, 456–457
- ice factory, 456
- interruption, 451–452
- invoices, 475
- IOPC Funds, 447–449, 454–455, 458–459
- licensing, 474–475
- loss of future income, 451
- loss of market, 457–460
- loss of profits, 451–452
- marketing, 440–441, 458–459
- National Contingency Plan, 945–947, 951, 957
- national laws, 451
- natural resources, 491, 512
- net makers and repairers, 455
- offal collector, 456
- porters, 456–457
- price reduction, 457–458
- processors
- proof
- university study, claim reliant on, 441
- property damage, 447
- proximity, 453, 453–455
- public confidence, 447–449
- public perceptions, 363, 447–449
- publicity, 457
- reduced catches, 449–451, 453–455
- reduced demand for goods or services, 455–457
- reduction in price and/or sales, 457–458
- related industries, 452–457
- remoteness, 447
- restrictions, 451–452
- salmon, farming methods, 447
- sampling, 448–449
- Sea Empress, 73, 451–452, 453–455, 456–457
- selling agents, 453–455
- slaughter of produce, 448, 448–449
- smolt, 442, 456
- stocks, contamination of
- testing, 449
- traders, 453–455
- transport, 455–457
- United States, 181
- water supplies, contamination of, 452
- wild fish and other sea food, 449–457
- Fishing vessels
- Flag state control, 1052–1055
- Fleet Factors, 719–721
- Floating production, storage and offloading units, 91
- Floating storage units, 91
- Florida
- “Flying Dutchmen”, 909, 910
- Foreseeability
- Forum non conveniens, 436
- FPSOs. See Offshore craft
- France
- Frances Hammer, 1149
- Frixos, 1094
- FSUs. See Offshore craft
- Fukkol Maru No. 12, 410
- Fund Conventions 1971 and 1992, 4, 17–19, 71–73, 137–139. See also Civil Liability Conventions 1969 and 1992, IOPC Funds
- arrest of ships, relevance to, 133, 135
- Brussels conference 1971, 17
- bunker spills, 4, 256–258. See also under Civil Liability Conventions 1969 and 1992
- cases not covered by, 5–7
- charterers
- Civil Liability Conventions, relationship with, 3–4, 17–19, 81–82, 137–138
- claims
- admissibility and assessment, 150–151. See also claims under Civil Liability Conventions 1971 and 1992, Criteria for admissibility of claims (IOPC Funds)
- claim settlement procedures, 157–165
- determination and settlement, 159
- legal proceedings, 164–165
- manuals, 151
- provisional payments, 160
- compensation
- distribution, 155–156
- limits
- contributions. See IOPC Funds
- CRISTAL
- criteria for admissibility of claims. See Criteria for admissibility of claims (IOPC Funds)
- economic loss. See Economic loss enforcement of judgments against shipowners, 132
- entry into force, 27–29, 71, 72–73, 73–74
- exclusive economic zones, 5, 144
- financial limits. See limit of Funds’ liability
- geographical scope, 5, 144
- incident. See under Civil Liability Conventions
- indemnification of shipowners
- interest
- International Maritime Organization, 71
- IOPC Funds. See IOPC Funds limit of Funds’ liability, 153–155
- limitation of actions. See time limit for proceedings
- mobile offshore units, 91
- natural resources. See Marine Environment
- oil, 95–97
- oil barges, 87–88
- owner, definition, 85–86
- persistent oil, 96
- pollution damage, definitions
- preventive measures. See under Civil Liability Conventions
- property damage, 407–411
- Protocol 1984, 29–30, 47, 71
- United States, decision not to ratify, 52–56
- Protocol 1992, 71–73
- purpose, 17–19, 368
- receivers of oil. See IOPC Funds
- recourse, subrogation to rights of owner, 166, 627
- relationship between Fund Conventions, 138–139
- salvage and related operations
- ship
- ship owners, definition. See owner
- subrogation, 165–168
- time limits for proceedings
- transitional period, 71, 117
- United States, 29–30, 52–55
- Working Groups. See IOPC Funds, Intersessional Working Groups
- Funding Agreement 1980, 396, 403, 546
- Funding Agreement 1990, 548
- Garbage, 839–840, 864, 1129–1130
- Gas industry. See Oil and gas industry
- General average
- bunker spills, 758–759
- burden of proof, 760–761
- cargo, 768
- Civil Liability Conventions, 760, 763, 764
- clean-up costs, 763–764
- collision, 780–781
- Comité Maritime International, 756
- common safety provisions, 764–768
- contributions, 770–774
- costs, 755, 758–768, 770
- enhanced awards to salvors, 756
- expenses, 755–756, 768–770
- financial responsibility, 57–58, 223–225
- Fund Conventions, 760, 763
- guarantors, 759, 767
- insurance, 770–774
- Institute Time Clauses (Hulls), 756, 771, 773–774
- IOPC Funds, 760, 762
- marine property insurance, 755–774
- P&I Clubs, 755, 756, 759, 763, 765
- ports
- precautions, 763–764, 767
- preventive measures, 755, 758–768, 771
- purpose of measures, 759–761, 764–768
- repairs, 758–759
- response, 766–767
- Rule Paramount, 766
- sacrifice, 768–770
- salvage, 395, 754–755, 756–758, 767
- Salvage Convention 1989, 756–758, 760, 762, 764
- special compensation, 757
- Sydney Compromise, 756, 762–763, 769, 772
- third parties, 765–766
- total loss, 775
- York-Antwerp Rules, 395, 755–756
- General Excess Loss Reinsurance Contract, 731
- Germany, 73
- Geroi Sevastopolya, 910, 1064–1065
- “Ghost Ships”, 1042–1045
-
Glacier Bay, 42–43
- economic loss, Alaskan state law, 436
- Gold francs
- Governing law
- P&I cover, 729
- Government authorities. See also Public
- intervention. See Intervention Convention 1969
- official orders, cost of complying with general average, admissibility in
- Pollution Hazard Clause, 777
- preparedness, response and co-operation. See OPRC 1990
- report of incident to, 892–894
- United States
- Grandcamp
- Greenhouse gases, 845–847
- Group actions. See Class actions
- Guarantees. See also Guarantors
- Guarantors. See also Guarantees cancellation, 224
- Guidelines
- CMI Guidelines on Claims for Oil Pollution Damage, 364, 369
- fines, 1139–1140
- IMO Guidelines. See Table of International Instruments and Agreements
- National Contingency Plan, 949
- natural resources, 529–530, 893–894
- OPRC 1990, 923, 927
- penalties, 1144
- report of incident
- response measures in the United States, 985–987
- vessel response plans, 896–897
- Gulf of Mexico, 875–876
- Gulf War, 925
- Gunny, 270
- Habitats
- Haven, 71
- Hazardous and noxious substances. See also Hazardous and Noxious Convention 1996, Hazardous waste, US hazardous and noxious substances
- abnormally dangerous activities, 240–241
- Ariadne, 271
- Betelgeuse, 270
- CERCLA (United States), 220
- certification, 882
- charterers, 611, 627
- clean-up, 382
- clean-up costs, 375
- Clean Water Act (United States), 184–185, 187, 191
- containers, 634, 882
- Dangerous Cargo Manifest, 635
- definition, 220
- difficulties, 269
- DOT Regulations, 881–883
- enforcement, 879–880, 883
- financial responsibility, 220–221
- fines, 883
- Grandcamp, 269–270
- Hazardous Materials Transport Act 1975 (United States), 879–883
- Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act (United States), 879–880
- IMDG Code, 634, 882
- Independenta, 285
- injunctions, 191
- knowledge, 883
- labelling, 634
- MARPOL, 881
- Mont Louis, 270
- natural resources, 507
- non-persistent oil, 6
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 54, 635
- OPRC 1990, 922
- penalties, 883
- Ports and Waterways Safety Act (United States), 857
- property damage, 407
- registration statement, 881
- response measures in the United States, 931–959, 976–980, 984
- salvage, 588, 604
- standards, 880, 883
- stowage, 633–635, 882
- Tank Vessel Act 1936 (United States), 860
- terrorism, 295
- Texas City Disaster, 269–270
- training, 881–883
- transport, 879–883
- uniformity, 883
- United States, 21, 47, 240, 635, 855, 879–883
- waste, 338–340, 344–352
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 1996. See also Hazardous and noxious substances
- acts or omissions, 282–283, 290
- alter egos, 657–658, 801
- ballast, 275
- carriage by sea, 276
- channelling provisions, 283
- Chapter II, 280–286
- Chapter III, 286–292
- charterers, 625–626, 642
- chemicals, 269
- Civil Liability Conventions, 275–276, 278, 279, 282, 286
- claims, 359
- clean-up, 372, 392
- coal, 275
- compensation, 269–293
- conduct, 285
- containers, 282
- contamination, 359
- contracts, 278, 288
- contributory negligence, 282
- costs, 273
-
- damage
- declarations, 280
- “deeming” provision, 277
- defences, 281–282
- definitions, 273
- draft, 270
- enforcement of judgments, 293
- entry into force, 269
- conditions for, 271
- environmental damage, 277
- exclusions, 275, 278–281
- exclusive economic zones, 272–273, 280
- expenses, 289
- explosions, 269–270, 274–275, 276
- fires, 269–270, 274–275, 276–277
- Fund Conventions, 275–276, 282
- geographical scope, 272–273
- HNS Fund, 280, 285, 286–292
- “incident”, 277–278
- insurance, 280, 284, 286, 289
- joint and several liability, 278
- jurisdiction, 293
- liability, 280–286
- limitation funds, 280, 284, 286–292
- limitation of liability, 278–279, 280, 282, 286
- Limitation of Liability Convention 1957, 283
- Limitation of Liability Convention 1976, 283
- London Conference 1984, 270
- London Conference 1996, 271
- mobile offshore units, 276
- negligence, 282, 290
- oil, 270, 274–275, 276–279
- “owners”, 275
- P&I Clubs, 279
- “person”, 275
- “pollution damage”, 276–277, 279, 359
- prevention, 273, 276–277
- property damage, 413
- “pure threat”, 278
- radioactive materials, 275, 279
- remedies, 279
- residues, 275
- salvage, 588–589, 592–594
- scope, 272–280
- security, 289
- settlement, 289
- ship management, 651–654
- “ship”, 275–276
- ship registration, 273
- shipowners, 275
- small ships, 280
- social security, 278
- state-owned ships, 279–280
- strict liability, 281
- territorial sea, 273, 280
- threat removal, 278
- time limits, 292
- tonnage, 280, 284
- Torrey Canyon, 269–270
- unidentified ships, 287
- unknown substances, 282
- workers’ compensation, 278
- Hazardous waste
- administrative orders, 352
- background, 338
- bilge water, 347–348
- CERCLA (United States), 338–352
- chemicals, 349–350
- court decisions, 341–344
- criminal offences, 351–352
- definition, 344–346
- discarded material, 345
- disposal, 344, 351
- endangerment, 352
- enforcement, 351–352
- Environmental Protection Agency, 341, 345–349, 352
- facilities, 349
- fines, 352
- generator provisions, 350–351
- handling, 344
- Hazardous Waste Identification Rule, 350
- identification, 349–350
- injunctions, 352
- legislative history, 340–341
- liability, 347–352
- oil, 338–352
- operations, 338
- penalties, 351–352
-
- petroleum exclusion, 341–344
- recycling, 346, 351
- Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 1976 (United States), 338–352
- shipowners, 338–352
- ships for scrapping, 1015, 1029–1049 passim. See also Dismantling of ships
- solid waste, 344–346, 349
- state law, 348–349
- Superfund, 303–304
- Toxicity Characteristics, 349–350
- transboundary movement, 1015–1029 passim. See also Shipment of waste
- treatment, storage or disposal facilities, 349–350
- transporter provisions, 351–352
- used oil, 344–349
- Health and safety at work, 943–944
- Hebei Spirit
- Historical overview of oil pollution regimes, 3–80
- HNS. See Hazardous and noxious substances
- HNS Fund, 280, 286–293
- Hotels, 461–464
- Hull and cargo insurance, 753–781
- Ikan Tanda, 1011
- IMCO. See Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization, International Maritime Organization
- IMDG Code, 634, 882
- Immunity. See also State immunity
- IMO. See International Maritime Organization
- Import controls on waste shipments, 1022
- Incident Command Center, 983–985
- Incineration, 843–844
- Indemnification under Fund Convention 1971, 151
- Indemnities
- bareboat charters, 629–630, 635, 646
- CERCLA (United States), 319
- charterers, 627–629, 635–636
- clean-up costs, 385
- dangerous cargoes, 633–635
- employment clause in time charter, 635
- guarantor’s right of indemnity, 127–129
- hazardous and dangerous substances, 636
- lender liability, 713, 716
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 212–213
- P&I Clubs, 59, 734–735, 737, 743, 749
- salvage, 754
- United States, 234–236
- Indigenous persons, 48
- Industry controls on ship safety standards, 1067–1071
- Information
- Injunctions
- Innocent passage, 874
- Inspections
- casualty investigations, 1144–1145
- CERCLA (United States), 307, 314
- charterers, 616
- criminal offences, 1136, 1144–1145
- lightering, 875
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 192
- port state control, 1061–1062
- response measures in the United States, 974–975
- ships, 620
- standards, 1067–1068
- Tank Vessel Act 1936 (United States), 861
- towing vessels, 874–875
- Institute Clauses
- Insurance. See also P&I Clubs, Self-insurance
- additional, P&I premiums for US trading, 647
- bareboat charters, 646
- bunker spills, 264
- cargo, 770–774, 778
- CERCLA (United States), 336–337
- certificates of financial responsibility, 750
- certification. See compulsory insurance
- charterers, obligation to arrange and pay for, 646–647
- collisions, pollution resulting from, 779–781
- compulsory
- Exxon Valdez, 49–50, 745
- financial responsibility, 219, 222–224, 749–750
- First Line, 61
- general average, 770–774
- global corporate excess policies, 49–51
- guarantors, 127, 223–224, 749–750
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 1996
- hull
- illegality, 747
- Institute Clauses
- legal proceedings, 210
- lenders. See ship finance
- liability insurance. See P&I Clubs
- Marine Insurance Act 1906 (UK), exclusions and defences under, 740–744
- MEIF, 61
- misrepresentation, 744
- mortgagees. See ship finance
- non-disclosure, 744
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 205, 647, 710
- proximate cause, 99, 776
- radioactive contamination, 748
- salvage
- scuttling, 742–743
- ship finance
- sue and labour expenses, 738–740
- United States, 20, 750
- unseaworthiness, 740–742
- war risks, 99
- wilful misconduct, 127, 742–743
- Insurance industry
- Interest
- Interest groups. See Special interest groups Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO). See also International Maritime Organization
- Interim payments
- Internal exercises, 985–986
- International Association of Classification Societies, 63, 1067–1068
- International Association of Independent Tanker Owners. See INTERTANKO
- International Chamber of Shipping Bridge Procedure Guide, 238
- International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. See MARPOL 73/78
- International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil 1954. See OILPOL
- International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, 2001. See Bunkers Convention 2001
- International Convention on Salvage 1989. See Salvage Convention 1989
- International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage. See Fund Convention 1971, Fund Convention 1992
- International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships 1969
- International Convention Relating to the Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties. See Intervention Convention 1969
- International Group of P&I Clubs, 729–732, 735, 745. See also P&I Clubs
- cover provided by Group Clubs, 730–732
- financial responsibility of shipowner, 57
- guarantors, 57
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 1996, insurance capacity, 284
- Memorandum of Understanding with IOPC Funds, 157–158
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 56–57
- oil pollution risks, 732
- Pollution Sub-Committee, 730
- Pooling Agreement, 730–731
- reinsurance, 56–57, 731–732, 745
- salvage
- terrorist risks, 747–748, 750
- International Legal Conference on Marine Pollution Damage 1969 (Brussels), 14–17
- International Maritime Organization Civil Liability Convention, 1969, 71
- International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds. See IOPC Funds
- International rules to prevent pollution from ships, 807–853
- Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships, 847–850
- enforcement, 1051–1071
- international law of the sea, 808–817
- international organizations, 816–817
- jurisdiction. See international law of the sea, regulation
- Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78), 821–847. See also MARPOL 73/78
- air pollution (Annex VI), 840–845
- background, 821–823
- carbon emissions, 845–847
- garbage (Annex V), 839–840
- greenhouse gas emissions, 845–847
- harmful substances in packaged forms (Annex III), 838
- implementation and enforcement of MARPOL, 847
- noxious liquid substances in bulk (Annex II), 834–837
- categorization of substances, 834
- design, construction, arrangement and equipment, 835
- general, 834
- exemptions and exceptions, 834
- measures of control by port states, 837
- operational discharges of residues, 835
- reception facilities, 837
- shipboard marine pollution emergency plan (SMPEP), 837
- surveys and certification, 834–835
- oil (Annex I), 824–833
- general provisions
- offshore craft, application to, 825–826
- operational discharges of oil
- reception facilities, 833
- requirements for cargo area of oil tankers
- construction
- equipment
- requirements for machinery spaces of ships
- segregation of oil and water ballast and carriage of oil in forepeak tanks, 829
- shipboard oil pollution emergency plan (SOPEP), 833
- special requirements for fixed or floating platforms, 833
- surveys and certification, 826–827
- sewage (Annex IV), 838–839
- Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 817–821
- amendment procedure, 821
- provisions
- additional structural requirements for bulk carriers, 821
- carriage of cargoes, 819
- carriage of dangerous goods, 819
- construction and sub-division, 817–819
- enhanced surveys, 820
- fire prevention, detection and extinction, 818
- high-speed craft, 820
- life saving appliances and arrangements, 818
- maritime security, 820–821
- nuclear ships, 819
- radiocommunications, 818
- safety of navigation, 818–819
- ship management, 820
- scope, 817
- Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments, 850–853
- International Safety Management Code. See ISM Code
- International Tanker Indemnity Association, 14
- International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Ltd. See ITOPF
- International Tonnage Certificates, 221
- International treaties and conventions. See Treaties and conventions
- Intersessional Working Groups. See under IOPC Funds
- INTERTANKO. See also Table of Cases
- Intervening events
- Intervention. See also Intervention Convention 1969
- IOPC Funds, intervention in proceedings under Civil Liability Conventions, 157
- state intervention. See Intervention Convention 1969, Intervention on the High Seas Act
- Intervention Convention 1969
- abandoned ships, 905
- Amoco Cadiz, 903
- best endeavours, 902
- Civil Liability Conventions, 904
- coastal states, 891, 899, 902–904
- coastline, 902
- compensation, 903
- consultation, 902–904
- costs, 903
- customary law, 903
- Eleni V, 905
- exclusive economic zones, 900
- exercise of right to take measures, 902
- government bodies, 904
- grave and imminent danger, 902
- high seas, 899
- “imminent threat or material damage”, 900
- innocent passage, 903
- International Maritime Organization, 902
- “maritime casualty”, 900
- national laws, 903
- notice, 904
- “oil”, 901
- pollutants, 901–902
- proportionality, 902–903
- “related interests”, 902
- salvage, 904
- “ship”, 900
- “substances other than oil”, 901
- territorial sea, 899–904
- Torrey Canyon, 891, 899, 900, 903–905
- types, 904–905
- use of force, 904
- Intervention on the High Seas Act (United States), 330
- Inverpool, 9
- Invoices, 475
- IOPC Funds. See also Fund Conventions 1971 and 1992
- Assemblies, 137, 139
- claims
- compensation
- constitution, 139
- contributions
- contributing oil
- criteria for admissibility of claims,
- decisions
- Director of the Funds, 137, 138, 139, 141
- exclusion of liability, 152–153
- Executive Committees, 139, 140
- finance, 3, 141–143
- funding, 3, 141–143
- geographical scope, 144–145
- headquarters, 138
- indemnification of shipowners by 1971 Fund,
- interest
- intergovernmental bodies, as, 3, 138, 139–140, 366
- Internal Regulations, 139, 141, 159
- interim payments, 160
- Intersessional Working Groups (1971 Fund)
- Intersessional Working Groups (1992 Fund)
-
- Second
- Third, 77–78
- Review of compensation regime, 77–78
- criteria governing claims
- environmental damage, 487
- environmental impact studies, 490
- establishment to review compensation regime, 77
- jurisdiction of national courts, 129
- revision of conventions, decided against, 77–78, 1069
- “ship”, CLC 92 definition, 91
- substandard shipping, 1069
- Fourth
-
- jurisdiction, 164–165
- legal proceedings
- liability. See compensation and exclusion of liability
- limit of Funds’ liability, 153–156
- limitation of actions, see time limit for proceedings
- member states, 4, 18, 32, 77, 81–82, 132, 137–143 passim, App. 1
- Memorandum of Understanding with International Group of P&I Clubs, 157–158
- notification, proceedings under Civil Liability Conventions, 156
- object, 4, 17–19, 137, 368–369
- oil, contributing, see contributing oil
- oil receivers, 142–144
- oil reports, 142
- organs, 139–141
- P&I Clubs, co-operation with, 157–165, 167–168
- policy, 368
- purpose, 4, 17–19, 137, 368–369
- receipts of oil, 141–143
- receivers of oil, 141–143
- recourse
- reports, 142–143
- Secretariat, 137, 138, 141
- subrogation, 165–168
- time limit for proceedings,
- Working Groups. See Intersessional Working Groups Irish Stardust, 103
- Iron Baron, 256
- ISM Code, 63
- ITIA (International Tanker Indemnity Association), 14
- ITOPF (International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Ltd)
- Ixtoc, 47
- Jacobsson, Måns, 141
- Japan, 71
- Jettison
- Joint and several liability
- bareboat charters, 646–647
- Bunkers Convention, 265–261
- CERCLA (United States), 310, 331
- charterers, 611
- Civil Liability Convention 1969, 95
- Deepwater Port Act (United States), 45
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 1996, 278
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 197
- ship management, 651, 652
- Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act (United States), 42
- Joint Operations Center, 930
- Jones, Walter, 54
- Jose Marti, 104, 147
- Judgments. See Enforcement of judgments, Recognition of judgments
- Judicial review
- Jupiter, 432–433
- Jurisdiction
- Admiralty, 177–180
- Bunkers Convention, 265–266
- Civil Liability Conventions, 15, 112, 128–131
- coastal state control, 1062, 1064, 1065
- competent courts, 128–129
- conduct, 130
- Deepwater Port Act (United States), 45
- enforcement of ship safety rules, 1059
- exclusive, 121, 128–130
- financial responsibility, 57
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 1996, 293
- incidents affecting more than one state, 129–131
- insurance, 128
- IOPC Funds, 164–165
- judgments
- recognition and enforcement, 128
- limitation funds, 11, 121, 128–130
- limitation of liability, 130
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 54, 58, 196, 225–228
- pollution prevention, 1051, 1055, 1056, 1064
- port state control, 1055, 1056, 1059
- Torrey Canyon, 129
- United States, 177–180
- venue, 225–228
- Kamina, 1011
- Karin B, 1017
- Kasuga Maru No. 1, 412
- Khark V, 909–910
- Khian Sea, 632
- Kirki, 914
- Knowledge. See also Privity and knowledge
- Kristal, 1013
- Kure, 255
- Kuroshima, 203
- Kuzbass, 73
- Labelling
- Laura D’Amato
- Law of the Sea Convention, 1052–1055, 1128
- LDC. See Dumping at sea, London Dumping Convention 1972
- Leasing, 711, 714–718, 724–725
- Legal proceedings. See also Claims, Jurisdiction
- California, 60
- CERCLA (United States), 309–310
- Civil Liability Conventions, 16, 131–132
- concursus of claims, 226
- Exxon Valdez, 48–49
- financial responsibility, 58, 60, 219–220, 224–225
- guarantors, 60, 131
- insurance, 59, 60, 131
- IOPC Funds, 147–149, 164–165
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 226–227
- Virginia, 60
- Lender liability
- Asset Conservation Act (United States), 722–725
- bareboat charters, 711
- CERCLA (United States), 712–715, 719–726
- clean-up costs, 722
- Civil Liability Conventions, 711–712
- companies, 715
- damages, 722
- Environmental Protection Agency Final Rule, 721–725
- exclusions, 711–712
- extension of credit, 724
- facilities, 720–721, 723
- financial responsibility, 713
- Fleet Factors decision, 719–721
- guarantors, 713
- Hazardous Waste Conventions, 711
- incentives, 724
- indemnities, 713, 716
- insurance, 713–715
- leasing, 710–711, 714–719, 724–725
- limitation of liability, 714–715
- mortgages, 710–711, 713–714
- negligence, 711–712
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 713, 714, 725–726
- operators, 711–712
- Letters of credit, 219, 222
- Liability. See also Fault, Liability funds, Joint and several liability, Limitation of liability, Strict liability
- alter egos, 657–665
- bareboat charters, 610, 646
- cargo owners, 608–636
- CERCLA (United States), 309–310, 319–323, 325–327, 338–352
- charterers, 608–636
- Civil Liability Convention 1969, 15, 85, 125
- Civil Liability Convention 1992, 72, 108–111
- claims, 355
- Clean Water Act (United States), 33–37, 38, 184–185
- Fund Convention 1992, 72
- guarantors, 127
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 1996, 280–286
- hazardous waste, 338–352
- insurance, 127–128
- IOPC Funds, 146–147, 149–150, 152–153
- lender liability, 714–715
- maritime authorities, 691–692, 698–704. See also Maritime authorities, liability
- negligence, 238–239
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 55
- parent/subsidiary, 658–665
- pilotage, 692–697. See also Pilots, liability
- Refuse Act (United States), 182–183
- salvage, 590–598
- salvor’s insurance, 604–606. See also Salvors
- shareholders, 660
- ship management, 651–657
- shipowners, 85, 146–147, 149–150
- stowage, 633–634
- terminal operators, 617–619
- Torrey Canyon, 11–12
- Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act (United States), 44
- United States, 20–21, 238–239
- vicarious, 615
- Liability funds
- Liens. See Maritime liens
- Lightering, 860, 875–876, 962–963, 972, 973
- Lights, 104
- Lilar, Albert, 14, 17
- Limburg
- Limitation of actions. See Time limits
- Limitation funds
- apportionment, 121, 130
- arrest, 132–136
- charterers, 627
- Civil Liability Convention 1969, 113–114
- Civil Liability Convention 1992, 121
- clean-up costs, 372–373, 375
- conversion into national currency, 121
- decrees, 121
- distribution, 121, 122–125, 130, 150
- enforcement of judgments, 132–136
- establishment, 120–122
- expenses, 124–125
- financial responsibility, 58
- Fund Conventions, 120–121, 122
- insurance, 120, 124
- interest, 121–122
- IOPC funds, 120, 124, 150–151, 154–156, 168
- jurisdiction, 11–12, 121, 128–130
- legal proceedings, 120–121
- limitation of liability, 119–125
- Limitation of Liability Convention 1957, 16
- national currency, conversion into, 121
- national laws, 120, 124
- prevention, 122, 124
- reserve for outstanding claims, 122
- SDRs, 121
- settlements, 120, 123
- state law, 47–48, 54
- subrogation, 120, 123
- two-tier, 17
- Limitation of liability, 785–804. See also Limitation funds, Limitation of Liability Convention 1957, Limitation of Liability Convention 1976
- acts or omissions, 119
- actual fault or privity, 116–117, 119, 791–794
- alter egos, 119, 791–792
- Amoco Cadiz, 27–28
- amount of liability limit, 81, 114, 790, 800
- arrest of ships, 132–133, 135–136
- Bermuda, 11
- bunker spills, 6, 262–264, 798
- calculation of limitation tonnage, 790–791, 800
- cargo interests, 607
- CERCLA (United States), 320–321, 327
- Charlotte, 792
- charterers, 607, 628, 637–638, 789–790
- Civil Liability Convention 1969, 14–17, 27–29, 85, 106, 113–125, 131
- Civil Liability Convention 1992, 72, 113, 117–124
- claims subject to limitation, 788–789, 794–799
- clean-up, 24
- clean-up expenses and preventive measures, 375, 798
- Clean Water Act (United States), 33–34, 37
- colliding ships
- “damages”, 788–789
- Deepwater Port Act (United States), 46
- financial responsibility, 225
- France, 10–11
- Fund Convention 1971, 72, 73, 116–117
- general average, 796
- gold francs, 154
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 1996, 272, 278, 280, 283–284
- importance, 113
- insurance, 127–128, 709
- international conventions, 786–787
- IOPC Funds, 137, 145, 148–149, 153–156
- jurisdiction, 130
- limitation funds, 113–114, 120–125
- Marion, 792–793
- Nissos Amorgos, 115
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 53, 55, 57, 194, 197, 207–212
- onus of proof, 794, 803
- Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments (United States), 40–41
- P&I, 710
- parties, 789–790, 799
- salvors, 789
- “personal” act or omission, 801
- pilot, 697
- privity and knowledge, 20–21, 23–24, 793
- responsible party, 193–194
- SDRs, 114
- Sea Empress, 115–116
- ship management, 792, 651
- shipowners, 16, 116–117
- small tankers, 118
- special compensation, 567–568, 796
- state of mind of person liable, 801
- strict liability, 13–15, 113
- tonnage, 115, 119
- Torrey Canyon, 10
- Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act (United States), 42–44
- United Kingdom, 9–10
- United States, 3, 7–9, 19–25, 47–48
-
Amoco Cadiz, 27–28
- Shipowner’s Limitation of Liability Act 1851 (United States), 32
- wreck removal, 798, 996–997
- Limitation of Liability Convention 1957, 787–794
- actual fault or privity, 16, 116, 119
- amount of liability limit, 790
- arrest of ships, 133, 135
- calculation of limitation tonnage, 790–791
- cargo interests, 16
- Civil Liability Convention 1969, 16, 113
- claims subject to limitation, 788–789
- clean-up costs, 16
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 1996, 283
- limitation funds, 16
- parties entitled to avail themselves of limitation, 789–790
- SDR Protocol 1979, 787
- shipowners, 16–17
- tonnage, 16
- Limitation of Liability Convention 1976 (LLMC), 794–803
- Aegean Sea
- amount of liability limit, 800
- bunker spills, 262–264, 798
- calculation of limitation tonnage, 800
- charterers’ liabilities, 637–638
- Civil Liability Conventions, relationship with, 113, 795–796
- claims subject to limitation under LLMC, 794–799
- colliding ships
- claims by parties suffering pollution damage, 677–678
- claims by owners of colliding ship (contribution claims), 687
- conduct barring limitation, 801–803
- general average, 796
- hazardous and noxious substances
- liability for damage by, 283
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 1996
- offshore craft, 248–249, 251
- parties entitled to limit liability, 799
- Protocol 1996, 568, 803–804
- salvors, 567–568, 594–596, 789
- “ship”, 800
- “shipowner”, 799
- special compensation, 567–568, 796
- tonnage, 800
- wreck removal, 798, 996–997
- Limitation periods. See Limitation of actions
- Litigation. See Legal proceedings
- Lloyd’s Open Form
-
- arbitration, 538
- economic loss, 544
- enhanced awards, 545
- expenses, 545
- Funding Agreement 1980, 546
- Funding Agreement 1990, 548
- increment, 545
- International Symposium 1979, 544
- liability, 544
- LOF 80, 538, 543–547
- LOF 90, 547–548
- LOF 95, 537, 547–549
- negotiations, 544
- no cure, no pay, 536–537, 545
- P&I Clubs, 544, 736–737
- pollution fund, 544
- prevention, 545–546
- revision, 544–549, 598
- safety-net approach, 256, 396, 544–547, 550, 736
- salvage, 374, 392–393, 395–397, 536
- Salvage Convention 1989, 393, 396–397, 402–404, 537, 545–548
- self-insurance, 546
- special compensation, 560, 562, 564–568
- terms, 544–546
- United States, 599
-
- Local authorities. See Public authorities
- LOF. See Lloyd’s Open Form
- London Dumping Convention 1972 (LDC), 1001–1013
- background, 1001
- black list, 1006–1007
- Brent Spar, 1008
- contamination risks, 1010–1011
- controls, 1005–1013
- decommissioning of offshore structures, 1008, 1013
- “dumping”, definition, 1002–1003
- EEZ, dumping beyond, 1005
- explosion risks, 1012
- grey list, 1007
- high seas, dumping on, 1005
- garbage, 1089
- jurisdiction
- permits
- pollution avoidance, 1012–1013
- Protocol 1996, 1013–1014
- scope of application, 1002–1005
- “waste”, definition, 1002
- Loss of image claims, 51
- Loss of life, 538
- Loss of profit
- Loss of use or enjoyment, 41, 472
- Louisiana
- Magnuson Act (United States), 855
- Malicious acts, 99, 100
- Managers. See Ship management
- Mandatory Excess Insurance Facility, 61
- Manning
- alcohol testing, 865
- certificates, 864–865
- criminal offences, 1147
- drug testing, 865
- Exxon Valdez, 873
- foreign tank vessels, 866
- merchant mariner’s document, 865
- National Contingency Plan, 944
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 864–866
- person in charge, 864–866
- salvage, 891
- Tank Vessel Act 1936 (United States), 861
- tankers, 873–874
- training, 866
- US Coast Guard, 864–866
- US tank vessels, 864–865
- Marine Debris Co-ordinating Committee, 864
- Marine environment. See also Environmental damage, Natural resources
- bunker spills, 798
- damage to, claims for
- international conventions, 480–490
- Civil Liability Convention 1969, 480–481
- Civil Liability Convention 1992, 482
- costs of reinstatement, restoration, 487
- Fund Convention 1971, 481
- Fund Convention 1992, 482
- funding of studies, 488–490
- governmental bodies, claims by, 482–486
- Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention 1996, 490
- Protocols 1984 and 1992, 482
- reinstatement, costs of, 487–488
- restoration, costs of, 487–488
- United States, position in. See Natural resources
- international conventions, 480–490
- Deepwater Port Act (United States), 45
- lightering, 875–877
- MARPOL 73/78, 808, 823
- natural recovery, 361–362, 478, 521–522
- natural resources, 477–532
- OPRC 1990, 921–927
- Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments (United States), 40–41
- policy considerations, compensation, 478–480
- Tank Vessel Act 1936 (United States), 855, 858–862
- technical issues, 359–363, 478–480
- United States, 855–861 passim, 875. See also Natural resources
- Marine insurance. See Insurance, Hull and cargo insurance, P&I Clubs
- Marine Preservation Association, 976
- Marine property insurance. See General average, Hull and cargo insurance
- Marine Spill Response Corporation, 975–976
- Maritime authorities, liability, 691–692, 698–704
- “Maritime lepers”, 909
- Maritime liens
- Maritime Transportation Security Act 2002 (US), 70
- Marketing
- MARPOL 73/78, 821–847. See also International rules
- air pollution, 645, 840–847, 862
- amendments, 824, 829–830, 840, 841, 845
- Annex I (oil), 824–833
- Annex II (noxious liquid substances), 834–837
- Annex III (harmful substances in package forms), 838
- Annex IV (sewage), 838–839
- Annex V (garbage), 839–840
- Annex VI (air pollution), 840–845
- ballast, 818, 821, 829, 867, 871
- bilge, 821, 828, 834, 1079–1080
- certification, 824, 826–827, 834–835, 839, 841
- controlled discharges, 828–829
- criminal offences, 64, 1074–1154 passim
- double hulls, 829–831, 867, 870
- enforcement, 847
- foreign flag vessels in US, 862
- garbage, 808, 839–840, 862, 864, 1075, 1088, 1089–1090
- greenhouse gases, 840, 845, 847
- hazardous or noxious substances, 881
- IMO Marine Environment Protection Committee, 816, 826, 844–845
- implementation, 845, 847
- incineration, 843–844
- inspection, 824, 830–831, 837
- jettison, 838, 1088
- Marine Debris Coordinating Committee, 864
- marine environment, 808, 823
- MARPOL 73, 823–824
- MARPOL 78, 823–824
- National Contingency Plan, 939
- noxious liquid substances in bulk, 823, 834–837
- oil, 824–833
- OILPOL 54, 821–823
- OPRC 1990, 892–893, 923
- ozone depleting substances, 840, 841, 844
- packages, 823, 838, 862, 881
- port state control, 838
- prevention, 821–847, 855, 858–859, 862–864
- reception facilities, 822–833 passim, 837, 839, 840, 844
- reporting, 892–895, 897
- response measures, 896–898
- sewage, 823, 838–839, 862, 1089
- shipboard oil emergency plans, 833, 896–897, 922, 980, 981
- special areas, 826, 834, 840, 1089
- standards 824–825, 827, 835, 836
- state of registry, 847
- sulphur, 840, 842–845
- surveys, 824–827, 834–835, 839, 841
- Tank Vessel Act 1936 (United States), 855, 858–861
- tankers, 821–843 passim
- United States, 855, 858–859, 862–864
- US Coast Guard, 863–864
- vessel construction, 824–835 passim
- vessel response plans, 891, 896–898
- volatile organic compounds, 840, 843
- Maslov, G.A., 14
- Masters
- Media reports, 51, 52, 64, 68, 69, 136, 363, 415, 441, 457, 462, 559, 907, 1103
- Medical practice, 464
- Medina Princess, 766
- Mega Borg, 52, 951
- MEIF, 61
- Memoranda of Understanding
- “Methodika” formula, 481, 483, 486–487
- Metula, 360
- Migratory Bird Treaty Act (US)
- Milad 1, 95
- Misconduct. See Wilful misconduct
- Misrepresentation
- Mitchell, George, 52, 53
- Mobil, 62
- Mobile offshore units, 243, 276
- Mont Louis, 270
- Mooring fees, 472
- Morris J. Berman, 109, 712, 861, 874, 1138–1142
- Mortgages
- MSC Ariane, 1101
- MSC Napoli, 916, 920
- Müller, Walter, 15
- Multi-party actions. See Class actions
- Nagasaki Spirit, 374, 394, 537, 547, 548, 556–561, 564, 566, 568, 590, 667, 767, 788
- Nairobi Convention on Wreck Removal 2007 (WRC), 990–1000
- scope of application, 991–993
- Nakhodka, 73, 117, 155, 382, 459, 751
- Nancy Orr Gaucher, 98, 410–411
- National Contingency Plan (United States), 20, 929–985
passim
- area committees, 945
- area contingency plans, 945–947
- assessment, 948–949, 955
- assistants, 941–943
- Captain of the Port, 944
- CERCLA (United States), 47, 220–224, 295–344, 931–958, 965–966, 1137
- chemicals, 958–959
- clean-up orders, 940
- Clean Water Act (United States), 38, 940, 945–946, 954–959
- communications, 939–940
- compensation, 958
- containment, 949
- costs, 949
- countermeasures, 949
- Department of Agriculture, 934–935
- Department of Commerce, 934–935
- Department of Defense, 934–935, 942
- Department of Energy, 934–935
- Department of Health and Human Services, 934–935
- Department of Interior, 934–936
- Department of Justice, 934–936
- Department of Labor, 934–936
- Department of State, 934–937
- Department of Transportation, 934–936
- determinations, 940
- discovery, 947, 954–957
- dispersants, 958–959
- disposal, 949
- District Response Groups, 943
- District Response Advisory Team, 943
- documentation, 949
- emergencies, 929, 931, 935
- Environmental Protection Agency, 930, 934–935, 940, 944–945, 947, 952–953, 958–959
- Environmental Response Team, 850
- Exxon Valdez, 51, 943, 946, 951–952
- federal regional contingency plans, 944–945
- fisheries, 945–946
- FOSCs, 932–945, 947–959
- funding, 953
- General Services Administration, 937
- guidance, 949
- hazardous and noxious substances, 935, 939–941, 943–944, 947, 954–956, 958
- HAZWOPER, 943–944
- health and safety at work, 943–944
- information, 944
- initiation of action, 948–949
- Local Emergency Planning Committee, 945
- manning, 934, 939
- MARPOL, 939
- National Incident Commanders, 952
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 935, 942, 946, 958
- national response priorities, 949–950
- national response system, 934, 944
- national response team, 934–938
- National Response Unit, 941, 953
- National Strike Force, 941
- National Strike Force Co-ordination Center, 941–942
- natural resource damage assessment, 958
- natural resources, 516, 518, 942, 949, 957–959
- notice, 939–940, 954–957
- Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 937
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 936, 943–944
- Oil Pollution Act 1990 (United States), 55–56, 198, 214–216, 933, 945, 948–954
- Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, 214–215, 941, 949–950, 953
- Oil Spill Response Organization, 942
- on-scene co-ordinators, 938